DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 95 



There may be abnormal growths upon the parts, attaining a considerable 

 size. It is generally best to prevent this by caustics, or cut it off com- 

 pletely, especially if it attains an unsightly mass. Saw it right off, and 

 exclude the air by putting tow iu the place, which may be saturated with 

 carbolic acid. There is connection from the nasal chambers right up 

 almost to the tip of the horn. Sometimes, when cattle have catarrh, 

 it is apt to be followed by chronic inflammation of the lining membrane 

 of the horns, giving rise to nasal gleet. This is more likely to occur in 

 poorly kept cattle. The animal carries the head to one side, and in some 

 cases the horn will literally fall off. This has given rise to what is called 

 hollow horn. However, the horns are naturally hollow — more hollow in 

 old or debilitated animals than in young healthy ones. If matter accu- 

 mulates in the horn, make a hole and let it out ; but if it accumulates to 

 a great extent, I think it is better to saw the horn right off. When the 

 horns are shaping, it is possible to make them almost any shape desired 

 —being directed by means of tubes — and gutta percha horns have been so 

 placed as to puzzle good judges until the award had been given. In the 

 horse we detect the age by the teeth. The same applies to cattle, but in 

 cattle you can form a very good idea by the horns. The first ring forms 

 when the animal is between three and four years old, and one ring each 

 year after. If there are three rings the animal is six years old. But 

 this is not entirely correct. The rings may be filed or sand-papered 

 down, and it is well to look at the teeth. Other bones of the head may 

 be fractured, but it is not very common. 



Osteo Sarcoma is very common in cattle. It is found in either the 

 lower or upper jaw, mostly in the lower jaw. There are sometimes grubs 

 in the sinuses of the head ; they get in the same as the warble ; the larvae 

 is deposited, and it gives rise to the grub. This is different from the 

 hydatid, which gets into the circulation by way of the food. 



Osteo Parosis may be described as a non-inflammatory disease of 

 bone, and is more common in some localities than others ; comparatively 

 rare in Canada, Britain and Europe. It is found principally in the United 

 States, but it may be found in Mexico, etc It may be characterized as a 

 disease of growth, as it rarely attacks an adult animal, and if it does per- 

 haps the disease was there in early life. It attacks them from several 

 months until three or four years old. I think it has been noticed in the 

 human being It is due to an excessive development of the tissues which 

 occupy the canals and cells of the bone. The walls of the cavities be- 

 come thinner and thinner, until the cavities communicate with each 

 other. It is due to development of the vascular and fibi'ous structures 

 without a corresponding increase of the osseous and cartilaginous con- 

 stituents ; although the bone is increased in size it is lighter ; in this it 

 differs from osteo sarcoma, in which it is increased in weight. In osteo 

 parosis the bone becomes brittle ; it generally shows itself first in con- 

 nection with the cancellated tissue. Big head is a name applied to it, 

 from its attacking the head, and the bones increasing in size. It is not 

 confined to the bones of the head, but it also attacks the long bones, and 

 takes on just the same form ; the least injury will break the bones, from 

 their fragile condition. It is sometimes difficult to give the distinction 

 between osteo sarcoma and osteo parosis. 



CaM5^5.— It is difficult to say what are the causes; there are various 

 opinions ; some say it is from animals grazing upon land deficient in salts 

 of lime, but it is common in Kentucky, and that is a limestone country : 

 there is lime in the water to such an extent that animals frequently suf- 

 fer from urinary calculi. I think it is due to grasses on low lying 

 swampy lands. The grass grows luxuriantly, but does not contain the 



