DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 183 



catheter, then insert the forceps and get hold of the calculi ; but some- 

 times the after results are troublesome, and there is danger of injuring 

 the artery of the bulb, which, it is said, differs in its course in different 

 subjects. After treatment, syringe with tepid water ; stitch up the 

 wound and keep the animal quiet. The trouble sometimes is the dis- 

 charge of urine from the wound, and infiltration setting up irritation 

 and causing death. It is difficult to say just what to do in such cases. 

 I do not know but I would keep the catheter in, and allow the urine to 

 pass ; however, this is difficult to do in our patients. The operation 

 is called lithotomy. But, properly speaking, unless you cut the neck 

 of the bladder, you could scarcely call it this. 



Lithotrispy is breaking down the stone, but owing to the great length 

 of the urethra in the horse, we cannot perform this. In the mare you 

 m'ay perform by dilatation, even without any cutting in some cases. Get 

 the forceps into the meatus urinrius ; insert them carefully and get 

 hold of and crush the calculus. 



Sabulous Matter, — There is generally no great trouble in removing 

 this. Perhaps the proper thing is lithotrispy — just crush it in the 

 bladder. 



Urethral Calculi may pass into the bladder and lodge there a short 

 time, pass out and lodge in the urethra, and may obstruct the passage, 

 and if not removed, will soon cause death by uraemic poisoning or 

 rupture of the bladder. 



Symptoms. — The animal strains violently when he attempts to urin- 

 ate ; the penis protrudes ; the bladder, and sometimes urethra disten- 

 ded ; and in many cases you can see the exact spot of the obstruction 

 by examining. The remedy is to endeavour to remove it by pressure, 

 or by inserting the catheter ; and if it is small, ic may pass down the 

 escape ; but if you cannot displace it by "the catheter, then you will 

 have to cut down the catheter and remove it. Bring the edges of the 

 wound together by a large suture, and keep the patient quiet ; regulate 

 the diet, and try the effects of hydrochloric acid. This is more com- 

 mon in cattle than horses, on account of the difference in the penis. 

 The treatment is just the same. 



THE BLADDER A>D CASTRATIOIV. 



Inversion of the Bladder is a serious condition. It may be dis- 

 placed both in the mare and the cow, and is generally the effect of 

 difficult parturition, but it is possible it may occur from other influ- 

 ences. There is a small tumour noticed to extend from the vagina ; 

 the ureters are brought back, and the urine dribbles down the posterior 

 part to a certain extent. The remedy is to bathe nicely and endeavour 

 to return it by manipulation and gentle pressure. But you may be 

 unable to do this, and gangrene may have taken place. An animal 

 may live for a long time in this condition, but if attended to in time 

 it can easily be reduced. The after treatment is to use opium, hot or 

 cold water — cold is perhaps preferable, after a time, as it is an astrin- 

 gent and contracts the parts. If the parts are gangrenous, you may 

 remove a portion, but the animal is comparatively useless, as the urine 

 has a tendency to dribble from the ureters. 



Enuresis. — Incontinence of urine. The urine is not retained in the 

 bladder. This is applied to any condition of the bladder in which it 

 is unable to contain its contents. It may come from irritation of the 

 bladder, and is symptomatic of calculi, inflammation of the bladder, 



