30 THE PLAY OF ANIMALS. 



ling puts All-pervading Reason in the place of a personal 

 God. " Animals/' he says, " in their acts express or wit- 

 ness to the All-pervading Eeason, without themselves 

 reasoning. Eeason is in what they do without being in 

 themselves. They may be said to reason through the 

 force of Xature, for Nature is reason." And likening in- 

 stinct to gravity, as Addison did, he reaches the conclu- 

 sion that " the animal is held by instinct to the absolute 

 Substance as to the ground by gravitation." * 



G. F. Schuberth derives instinct from the " world- 

 soul." t El. C. Carus says it is " the unconscious work- 

 ing of the Idea " that produces organic adaptation and 

 beauty, and also instinctive activity. J: Similar to this is 

 E. von Hartmann's tracing of instinct to the " Uncon- 

 scious." An exact student of Darwinian literature, he 

 recognises the Darwinian principles only as means or 

 instruments used by the Unconscious, in which alone 

 the ultimate explanation is to be sought."* 



So much for the transcendental-teleological theory. 

 I am far from concurring with the many modern inves- 

 tigators who regard all religious or metaphysical ideas 

 with contempt, seeing in the former a disease of youth, 

 and in the latter youthful sentimentalism not worthy 

 of the serious consideration of riper years."^ In a dec- 



* System der gesammten Philosophie und der Naturphilosophie 

 insbesondere, p. 238. 



f Allgemeine Thierseelenkimde, Leipsic, 1863, p. 14, 23. 

 :}: Vergleichende Psychologie, Vienna, 1866, p. 59. 



* Das Unbewusste vom Standpunkt der Physiologie und De- 

 scendenztheorie, in the third volume of his Philosophie des Unbe- 

 wussten, 1889, p. 271. 



^ This false idea is referable to the principles of A. Comte, who 

 laid down the " fundamental law " of the three stages of develop- 

 ment in man — the theological or fiction stage, the metaphysical or 

 abstract stage, and the scientific or positive stage — and likened 



