No. 4.] THE PROFITABLE DAIRY COW. 73 



calves were provided with nice, healthy pens, where the sun 

 in winter could reach them. These stables were not espe- 

 cially expensive, but they were sanitary, furnishing abso- 

 lutely necessary conditions for producing the best grade of 

 milk. The stables were clean, the cattle free from dirt and 

 dust ; and, though kept in during the day in this hot July 

 weather, on account of flies, they were in clean, healthful 

 surroundings. These two farms sold milk to a very particu- 

 lar trade, one of them ship})ing to New York City. Recent 

 years have seen patrons of milk producers calling for far 

 more care in milk production, giving them an essentially 

 germ-free milk. To show how particular some buyers are, 

 Mr. Frith showed John a letter, of which the following is a 

 copy. It beautifully illustrates how some innocent residents 

 of the city may have been educated beyond present day pos- 

 sibilities. The letter read : "Please ship me two quarts of 

 pasteiu-ized milk from a cow whose bag has been washed in 

 peroxide of hydrogen, and wrapped in antiseptic cotton dur- 

 ing the heat of the day. I desire this from a cow that is 

 given distilled drinking water, and is fed microbe-disinfected 

 meadow grass, free from noxious weeds. Also, see that her 

 temperature is down to 80° F. when she is milked. See 

 that the stable is thoroughly disinfected daily." "Cer- 

 tainly," thought John, "I did not begin my education any 

 too soon." 



These herds showed strikingly the effects of careful brecd- 

 ino^. He noticed the bulls used were short-leg'D^ed and stronof- 

 bodied, with nmch quality. He found that the owners used 

 sires from dams that had udders of very superior shape ; and 

 they stated that the daughters of these bulls tended to repro- 

 duce throuo-h them the mothers' characteristics. Boofswell 

 brought out a ring of four grand cows, — he called them 

 "The Big Four," — and lined them up for his inspection, 

 the udders well displayed. He marvelled at their size and 

 apparent capacity. The owners laid much emphasis on the 

 part the bulls played in fixing this type. Bogswell more 

 than once said : ' ' Mr. Winslow, the bull is more than half 

 the herd, — yes, sir, more than half the herd." 



John reached home after ten days of what seemed to him 



