250 CHAPTER XI 



A variant of this system is seen in Kottmann s patent 17092 of 1884, 

 which employs a rotating watertight drum with counter-current flow of water. 

 McNeil's patent (5431 of 1911) employs maceration with counter-current 

 flow, and recognises in addition that the juice expressed by the top and 

 front rollers is more dilute than that expressed by the top and back ; accord- 

 ingly, the more dilute juice is collected separately and used in the bath, the 

 more concentrated juice going direct to the boiling-house. 



Other Methods employing Pressure. A number of patents have been 

 taken out for the extraction of juice by means of direct pressure ; the first 

 of these is that due to Crossley and Stevens (9574 of 1842). This may be the 

 process that proved a failure when tried in St. Vincent about this time. 

 The process of this nature that has attracted most attention is that due to 

 Bessemer (patent 12578, 1849). He employed a reciprocating plunger 

 operated by steam power ; the plunger worked in a horizontal cylinder into 

 which the canes were fed vertically, without any previous preparation ; 

 the pressure was applied on both strokes of the piston and exerted a con- 

 tinually increasing pressure up to the end of the stroke. This machine was 

 operated experimentally on canes brought from Madeira, but was not success- 

 ful. Several other direct pressure patents have been taken out most of 

 them including some means for the preliminary disintegration of the cane, and 

 the simultaneous action of water and of steam. The transmission of power 

 is always hydraulically. 



Matthey's patent (21021 of 1889) claims a principle only mentioned in 

 this patent, namely, substitution or displacement extraction. He proposes 

 to press the finely divided cane in vertical cylinders, after which water is 

 introduced into the cylinder, and on to the surface of the crushed material. 

 On again applying pressure, the water is forced through the cane, displacing 

 the residual juice but not mixing with it ; this patent is for a process and 

 does not describe the machinery in any but the broadest terms. It 

 was tried without success in the early days of the beet sugar industries. 



REFERENCES IN CHAPTER XI. 



1. H.S.P.A. Ex. Sta., Agric. Ser., Bull. 30. 



2. do. do. Bull. 28. 



3. Verslag eener Studiereis naar de Sandwich eilanden. 



4. A Brief Account of Francis Willughby, his Journey through Spain. London, 



1673- 



5. East India Sugar, Papers relating to the Culture of the Sugar Cane, etc. 



London, 1822. 



6. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc., 1780, 70, 318. 



7. "Report of the Belgian Commissioners to the Universal Exhibition at Liverpool, 



1839- 



8. The Sugar Planter'.s Manual. London, 1842. 



9. Manuel du Fabricant du Sucre. Paris, 1833. 



10. Java Arch., 1896, 4, 222. 



11. U.S. Senatorial Document, No. 50, 1845. 



12. Results circulated locally in Hawaii. 



13. H.S.P.A. Ex. Sta., Agric. Ser., Bull. 43. 



14. La Genie Industrielle, 1852, 2, 357. 



15. Java Arch., 1899, 7, 174. 



