608 HISTORICAL CONSPECTUS 



1794. Collinge, an axle- tree maker of Lambeth, built the prototype of the 

 modern three-roller mill. 



1795. De Bore established the Louisianan industry. 



1800-1900. The abolition of slavery, the development of the beet sugar 

 industry, and improved technical methods mark this century. 



1801. The Act of Union between Great Britain and Ireland placing an 

 additional excise on Irish refined sugar destroyed the industry there. 



1802. Achard first manufactured beet sugar at Cunern in Silesia. 



1802-1814. Establishment of a beet sugar industry in Europe, mainly by 

 the authority of Napoleon I. 



1805. Wood charcoal used by Guillon. 



James Cook founded the Clyde sugar machinery trade. 



Steam engines began to be used extensively in the raw sugar industry. 



1806. The first bounty paid on beet sugar. Spanish prisoners of war 

 employed as experts in beet sugar houses in France. 



1810. Figuier prepared animal charcoal. 



1812. Schools for the sugar industry established in France. 



1813. Howard invented the vacuum pan. 

 Animal charcoal used in an Orleans refinery. 



1814. Fall of Napoleon and temporary decline of the beet sugar industry. 



1816. Java restored to the Dutch. 



1817. Thomas Scott carried the cane to Australia. 

 1821. Colombres founded the Argentine industry. 

 1828. Dumont devised the charcoal filter. 



1830. Van den Bosch instituted the cultural system in Java. Native 

 population caused to grow cane to be delivered to privately owned 

 factories, which in turn delivered the product to the Government at 



i stipulated prices. The delivery of cane substituted for the corvee or 

 system of enforced labour, a form of slavery. 



Beets first grown in the United States. 



Dombasle experimented with the diffusion of beets. 



1832. The vacuum pan first used in the raw sugar industry at Vreed-en- 

 Hoop in Demerara, and also in Louisiana. 



1834. The abolition of slavery within the British Empire. The results of 

 this economic upheaval were the revival of the moribund beet sugar 

 industry in Europe, and the failure of the British Colonial industry, 

 since free-grown sugar competed with but small protection against slave- 

 grown, the conscience of the Manchester school of economists not extend- 

 ing to their pockets. The British Colonial industry cannot, however, 

 be absolved from the charge of wasteful and antiquated methods. 



1835. Sugar first manufactured in Hawaii. 



1836. The vacuum pan first used in Java. 



1837. Penzoldt invented the centrifugal. 



