406 PRIMATES APES AND LEMURS 



callosities on their hind-quarters. These Cynocephalic Dog- 

 headed Apes have some singular structural resemblances to the 

 higher Apes and Man on the one hand, and to the lower carnivorous 

 mammals on the other. 



The Baboons are widely dispersed about Africa, frequenting 

 mountains and woody places, and rather avoiding forest land. 

 They extend into Arabia, and a little black one lives in the 

 island of Celebes, in the Philippines, and in the Islet of 

 Batchian, close by. Some kinds differ but slightly from one 

 another, and those of one part of the African continent appear 

 to resemble those of other districts in their several shapes and 

 habits, and yet to have different-coloured hair, hence much 

 confusion has arisen regarding the races and species of the 

 genus. The possession of a good tail constitutes a very good 

 characteristic, and by the presence or comparative absence of 

 this member the group may be divided into two : the division 

 in which the tail is never very long, sometimes short, and with 

 or without a terminal tuft, includes the Sacred Baboon (the 

 Thoth of the ancient Egyptians), the Gelada Baboon, the Pig- 

 tailed or Chacma Baboon, and the Common and Anubis Baboons ; 

 while the second, nearly tailless, division includes the Mandrill, 

 the Drill, and the Black Baboon. 



The Macaques live in India, Tibet, North and South China, 

 Japan, and in some of the great islands of the archipelago, in 

 Africa, in Barbary, but not south of the Atlas range, and in 

 Europe, on the Rock of Gibraltar. They may be said to form 

 a group which connects with the Guenons on the one side, and 

 the Baboons on the other. They all have cheek-pouches, and 

 callous pads, or callosities, on their hind- quarters. Like all the 

 Monkeys which are lower in the animal scale than the great 

 man-shaped Apes, the Macaques have narrow wrists, long finger- 

 bones, and a short and backwardly placed thumb. The length of 

 the tail depends upon the number of the tail vertebrae, and their 

 size. In the Gibraltar Ape there are only three of these caudal 

 vertebrae, but in the Bhunder there are fifteen, and sometimes 

 eighteen, in the tail. Living upon a great variety of food, and using 

 their jaws with rapidity, these Monkeys are furnished with a curious 

 modification of a muscle that exists in Man and the higher Apes, 

 called the two-bellied or digastricus muscle, which assists in 



