BIRDS OF NEW YORK 1 7 



birds of the shaded or lower branches of forests and groves, placing their 

 nests from 5 to 35 feet above the ground. Here we might include the 

 Green heron, Mourning dove, Sharp-shinned hawk, Ruby-throated humming 

 bird, Kingbird, Wood pewee, Green-crested flycatcher, Least flycatcher, 

 Bluejay, Orchard oriole, Purple finch, Goldfinch, Chipping sparrow, Rose- 

 breasted grosbeak, Scarlet tanager, Cedar waxwing, Red-eyed vireo, 

 Blue-headed vireo, Parula warbler, Magnolia warbler, Black-throated green 

 warbler, Redstart, Golden-crowned kinglet, Wood thrush, Robin. 



Higher tree stratum or tree-top story. Many species included in 

 the former story frequently invade the higher portions of the trees, 

 especially trees which have not reached their maximum height in the forest; 

 but as building more characteristically in this layer we might mention 

 the Great blue heron, Black-crowned night heron, Cooper hawk, Goshawk, 

 Red-tailed hawk, Red-shouldered hawk, Broad-winged hawk, Bald eagle, 

 Fish hawk, Long-eared owl, Barred owl (occasionally), Great horned owl 

 (frequently), Olive-sided flycatcher, Raven, Crow, Fish crow, Baltimore 

 oriole, Purple grackle, Bronzed grackle, Crossbill, Siskin, Warbling vireo, 

 Yellow-throated vireo, Cerulean warbler, Blackburnian warbler, Pine 

 warbler. 



Birds nesting in hollow trees. These species might have been 

 included in the last two strata enumerated, but as it is of more importance 

 to recognize them as birds nesting in hollows or woodpecker holes, they 

 are placed under this separate heading. In it are included the American 

 merganser, Hooded merganser, Wood duck, Golden eye, Duck hawk (very 

 rarely), Sparrow hawk, Long-eared owl (occasionally), Barred owl 

 (usually), Saw- whet owl, Screech owl, Great horned owl (frequently), 

 Chimney swift (rarely at the present day), Crested flycatcher. Bronzed 

 grackle (occasionally), Song sparrow (rarely), Purple martin (occasionally), 

 Tree swallow, Prothonotary warbler (built once in this State), Carolina 

 wren, House wren, Brown creeper (behind loose bark), White-breasted 

 nuthatch, Red-breasted nuthatch, Tufted titmouse, Chickadee, Robin 

 (rarely), Starling, English sparrow. 



