10 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 



day, who, if he had had proper encouragement, would have 

 been one of the shining lights in the botanical firmament, 

 contributed several botanical papers to the Journal of the 

 Academy of Natural Sciences, namely, descriptions of Heer- 

 mann's and of Pratten's collections.* 



The views of European botanists were undergoing a 

 change under the influence of the history of development 

 and knowledge of the minuter anatomy and embryology of 

 the cryptogams (1840-1860). Schleiden's " Grundzlige der 

 wissenschaftlichen Botanik " f appeared, but its chief title is 

 Die Botanik als inductive Wissenschaft, which indicates the 

 point on which Schleiden laid most stress. His great object 

 was to place the study, which had been so disfigured in the 

 text-books, on the same footing with physics and chemistry, 

 in which the spirit of genuine inductive enquiry into nature 

 had already asserted itself in opposition to the nature- 

 philosophy of the immediately preceding years. This 

 change in European thought does not seem to have had 

 much effect on the botanists of Philadelphia, who were busy 

 in working up the plants collected in various parts of North 

 America, both by private individuals and by the botanists 

 of the trans-continental surveys. 



(4) The year 1860 may be said to mark the beginning of 

 the modern era of botany. Darwin's Origin of Species,! 



•PLANTiE HeermanniaNjE— Z)escrip^zon« of New Plants collected in. South 

 California, by Dr. A. T. Heermann, Naturalist attached to the Survey of the Pacific 

 Railroad route, under Lieut. R. S. Williamson, by E. Durand and Theo. C. Hilgard. 

 Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. 2nd ser., Ill, 37-46. 



11842-43. Schleiden— CrMJidzuge der wissenschaftlichen Botanik, nebst einer 



methodologischen Einleitung als Anleitung zum Studium der FJianze. Leipzig, 



2 Theile. 



1845-46— Second edition. (Die Botanik, als inductive Wissenschaft behandelt.) 

 tl859. Darwin— On the origin of species by means of natural selection ; or, 



the preservation of favored races in the struggle for life. London. John Murray 



octavo pp. ix., 502. 



