CLASSIFICATION OF HUMAN KNOWLEDGE. 31 



philosophy ; and to imagination, the fine arts. These heads, he 

 subdivided into forty-four chapters; most of which are distinct 

 sciences, or branches of knowledge : and this classification, it is 

 believed, still remains in the National Library at Washington ; part 

 of which was purchased of Mr. Jefferson by Congress. The late 

 Mr. Jay, of New York, divided all knowledge into sciences, and 

 arts ; the sciences relating to things, to events, or to duties ; and the 

 arts relating either to utility or to pleasure. 



Judge Woodward, to whose enthusiasm we are so much indebted, 

 for this history of the classifications of knowledge, himself prepared 

 two classifications ; one founded on the distinctions of mind alone, 

 matter alone, and mind and matter connected ; the other founded on 

 the distinction of auxiliary and ultimate branches. The subdivisions 

 are the same in both ; first into six classes ; next into eighteen orders ; 

 and lastly into sixty-three or sixty-four distinct sciences : to all of 

 which, names derived from the Greek language are applied ; many of 

 them so new, and burthensome to the memory, as to prevent their ever 

 coming into general use. We might criticise this classification, had 

 we the heart to find fault with a writer who has done us so essential 

 a service, and who labored with such devoted zeal for the cause 

 which we have espoused. 



The distinguished philosopher Ampere, in his essay on the Phi- 

 losophy of the Sciences, has given a " natural classification of all 

 human knowledge,'' devised in 1830, and published in 1834. As 

 this classification bears a closer resemblance, than any of the pre- 

 ceding, to that here proposed, it becomes proper to state, that the 

 classification of knowledge adopted in this work, was actually com- 

 pleted, before the writer had seen Ampere's work, or learned its 

 contents. Ampere adopts a binary or dichotomous division of 

 knowledge, into two kingdoms, Cosmology, and Noology ; which 

 are subdivided into four sub-kingdoms, and eight embranchments. 

 These are the sciences, Mathematical, Physical ; Natural, Medical ; 

 Philosophical, Dialegmatical ; Ethnological, and Political ; which 

 are farther subdivided into sixteen sub-embranchments, and these into 

 thirty-two sciences of the first order. 



The names of these sciences, as arranged by Ampere, are, 

 1. Arithmology ; 2. Geometry; 3. Mechanics; 4. Uranology ; 5. 

 General Physics ; 6. Technology; 7. Geology; 8. Oryctotechny ; 

 9. Botany; 10. Agriculture; 11. Zoology; 12. Zootechny ; 13. 

 Medical Physics; 14. Hygiene; 15. Nosology; 16. Practical 

 Medicine; 17. Psychology; 18. Metaphysics; 19. Ethics; 20. 

 Thelesiology ; 21. Glossology; 22. Literature; 23. Technes- 

 thetics ; 24. Pedagogics ; 25. Ethnology ; 26. Archeology ; 27. 

 History; 28. Hierology ; 29. Nomology ; 30. Military Arts ; 31. 

 Social Economy ; and 32. Politics. These sciences of the first 

 order, are farther subdivided into 64 sciences of the second, and 128 

 sciences f the third order ; the names of which are for the most 

 part new or unusual. Ampere considers that each division of 

 knowledge may be regarded under four different points of view ; 

 1. Absolutely, or irrespectively of others, and externally, or regarding 

 only its prominent features ; 2. Absolutely, and intrinsically, or exa- 



