84 PSYCHOLOGY. 



1. Under the head of Propensities, we here include those 

 appetites, and instincts, by which man is influenced, in common with 

 the lower animals ; most of them having the preservation of the in- 

 dividual, or that of the species, for their object, or final cause. 

 Though capable of suggesting thoughts, they more commonly excite 

 desires, irrespective of the reasoning powers. Among them the 

 Phrenologists include Alimentiveness, or the desire of food and 

 drink ; and Amativeness, or the attachment of the sexes ; these being 

 termed the animal appetites : also Philoprogenitiveness, or fondness 

 for children ; Concentrativeness, or an instinct to perseverance, and 

 concentration of thought; Adhesiveness, or attachment to persons 

 and places ; Combativeness, or an impulse to repel aggressions, and 

 when excessive, an impulse to attack others ; Destructiveness, or an 

 impulse to kill or destroy, belonging chiefly to carnivorous animals ; 

 Secretiveness, or an impulse to conceal ; Acquisitiveness, or an im- 

 pulse to acquire and possess ; and Constructiveness, or an impulse 

 to build and fabricate. 



All these propensities, it may be observed, belong to other orders of 

 animals, as well as to the human race. Granting their existence, as 

 elementary principles, by which the mind is more or less influenced, 

 whether connected with particular organs of the brain, or not, we 

 think that Imitativeness, or an impulse to imitate persons and things ; 

 and perhaps Cautiousness, if it be a distinct affection, should be 

 placed in the same class. Each of these propensities, may produce a 

 desire, which, when violent, is termed a passion: and these passions, 

 it is the province of reason to direct and control ; lest they should 

 prove impulses to destruction, rather than to preservation. Emotions, 

 which differ from passions, in being unaccompanied by desire, may 

 also result from these propensities ; but they more commonly belong 

 to' the next class of mental affections. 



2. The Sentiments, so called, are a higher class of feelings ; 

 generally excited or called forth by the perceptive powers, though 

 afterwards capable of acting reflectively. We call them feelings ; 

 conceiving that they are to the mind, what sensation is to the body. 

 Their use, like that of the propensities, seems to consist in prompting 

 men to action, where reason might fail ; and rewarding right conduct 

 with mental enjoyment; through the wise provision of our beneficent 

 Creator. These sentiments are so similar to some of the propensities 

 before mentioned, that we think the line of distinction between them 

 somewhat doubtful and arbitrary. They may be classed as either 

 moral or intellectual. Of Moral Sentiments, Phrenologists enumerate 

 Self-esteem, or a sense of personal merit and importance; Jlppro- 

 bativeness, or a desire for the esteem of others ; Cautiousness, which 

 we have already mentioned ; Benevolence, or the desire of good to 

 others; Veneration, or the sense of dependence, and feeling of 

 reverence ; Firmness, or the sense of power and free agency, when 

 excessive, leading to obstinacy ; Conscientiousness, sense of duty, 

 or the Moral Sense ; and Hope, or inclination to expect some future 

 good. Of Intellectual Sentiments, the Phrenologists enumerate 

 Wonder, or rather Curiosity, by which the mind is impressed with 

 things new or remarkable ; Ideality, or a sense of the beautiful, and 



