PHRENICS. 85 



perhaps also of the sublime; Wit, or a sense of the ludicrous; and 

 Imitation, of which we have already spoken. 



To these simple or primitive sentiments, in connection with the 

 propensities and reasoning powers, and with the influence of external 

 causes, we think all other sentiments, so called, may be traced. Thus, 

 Energy and Cheerfulness arise from good health, uprightness, and 

 prosperity; but Languor, and Melancholy, from ill health, and ad- 

 versity, or sometimes from vicious conduct. Joy and Sorrow, 

 Gratification and Regret, Pleasure and Pain, are produced by various 

 causes, physical, intellectual, or moral; their nature and intensity 

 varying with the cause. Sympathy, Friendship, and Love, arise 

 from benevolence, adhesiveness, or personal congruities ; but Anti- 

 pathy, or Dislike, and Hatred, from personal incongruities, with ex- 

 cessive combativeness, or want of benevolence. Anger, results from 

 personal injuries ; and Gratitude, from personal favours. Pride is an 

 excess, and Humility, a deficiency, of self-esteem ; the latter con- 

 joined perhaps with veneration. Vanity is an excessive manifestation 

 of approbativeness ; Misanthropy, a want of benevolence ; Remorse, 

 a reflective action of conscientiousness ; and Despair, is the absence 

 or inactivity of hope, in depressing circumstances. It may be doubted 

 whether Moral Approbation, or the " sympathetic emotion of virtue" 

 should be reckoned as a primitive sentiment, or as one derived from 

 conscientiousness. The distinction, given by Lord Kames, between 

 emotions, and passions, is, that the latter excite desire ; while the 

 former do not : but both these results, we think, may belong to the 

 same sentiment, at different times or stages. 



3. The Perceptive Powers, are those which enable us to form 

 ideas of external objects, through the medium of the senses; that is, 

 by means of sensation. Sensation is an effect produced by mate- 

 rial objects upon the organs of sense, and by them, through the ner- 

 vous system and the brain, upon the mind ; causing that mental 

 operation which is called Perception. The different modes of sen- 

 sation, are the Jive senses ; Seeing, Hearing, Smelling, Tasting, and 

 Feeling. By these we derive the simple ideas of Color, Form, 

 Size, Tone or Sound, Smell, Taste, Weight or Resistance, Tempe- 

 rature, and Physical Pleasure or Pain. Dr. Darwin regarded the 

 sensations of heat and of pain as primitive ; ranking them with the 

 five senses above named. The ideas of Number, Order, Time, 

 Motion, Action or Eventuality, and Position or Locality, we regard 

 as complex, and dependent in part on the reasoning powers. Ideas 

 of shape, and size, may be acquired either by seeing, or feering ; but 

 ideas of color, sound, smell, taste, and resistance, can only be 

 acquired each by a single mode of sensation. 



The enumeration of simple and of complex ideas above given, 

 differs somewhat from the assignment of organs by the Phrenolo- 

 gists, and is offered with diffidence, though derived from high autho- 

 rities. (Plate III). We may here add, that the senses cannot always 

 be implicitly depended upon ; even when the most acute. The eye is 

 often deceived, in the distance of objects, and the ear, in the direction 

 of sounds. We may sometimes imagine that we see or hear, when 

 influenced only by mental excitement ; or on the other hand, our 



H 



