150 THEOLOGY. 



A. D. 107 ; and Justin Martyr, of Grecian birth, was put to death 

 in Egypt, 164. Polycarp, bishop of Smyrna, a disciple of St. John, 

 and author of an epistle to the Philippians, suffered martyrdom, 167; 

 and Irenseus, a disciple of Polycarp, and bishop of Lyons, in France, 

 was martyred, in 202. Tertullian, of Carthage, author of an 

 Apology for (that is a defence of) the Christian Religion, flourished 

 about the year 200 ; and Clemens Mexandrinus, (Clement of Alex- 

 andria), flourished about 206. Origen, a Greek, author of the 

 Hexapla, or Bible in six versions, died at Tyre, in 254 ; and Cy- 

 prian, of Carthage, was martyred in 258. Gregory, surnamed 

 Thaumaturgus, a pupil of Origen, and bishop of Neocresarea, died 

 about 270 ; and Lactantius, author of Institutiones Divinae, died 

 in 325. 



Eusebius PampMlus, (of Pamphilia), bishop of Cassarea, who 

 attended the Council of Nice, and wrote an Ecclesiastical History, 

 died about 340. Athanasius, the Trinitarian opponent and succes- 

 sor of Arius, (p. 147), died in 373 ; Ambrose, bishop of Milan, died 

 in 397 ; and Chrysostom, bishop of Constantinople, died in 407. 

 Jerome, (Hieronymus), who translated the Vulgate or Latin Bible, 

 died at Bethlehem, in Palestine, in 420 ; and Tkeodoret, of Greece, 

 who continued the Ecclesiastical History, by Eusebius, down to 

 429, died soon after that date. Arius, founder of the Arian sect, 

 died in 336 ; and Pelagius, founder of the Pelagians, died at Jeru- 

 salem, A. D. 420. Among the leading doctrines of Christianity, 

 taught by the Fathers, and adopted by modern Evangelical Chris- 

 tians, we may mention, the fall of man from a state of primeval 

 innocence ; the vicarious atonement of our Saviour, by taking our 

 nature upon him and suffering in our stead ; the necessity of repent- 

 ance, and of faith in him, evidenced by a pure and pious life ; and 

 the sanctifying influence of the Holy Spirit, granted to all who seek 

 it; as the only means of salvation. The two Sacraments; Bap- 

 tism in the name of the Father, Son, and Holy Ghost ; and the 

 Eucharist, or Lord's Supper, in which bread and wine are received 

 as symbols of the Saviour, are also common to nearly all Christian 

 denominations. 



3. Apologetic Theology, so called from the Greek artoxoyta, a 

 plea or reply, includes the defence of the whole Christian scheme of 

 Religion ; with the proofs of its divine origin, and incomparable 

 excellence. This subject may be subdivided into Natural Theology, 

 and Evidences of Christianity. The province of Natural Theology, 

 is to prove, from the works of nature, that there is a God, all-wise 

 and powerful, the creator and preserver of the universe ; a God of 

 justice and goodness, the rewarder of well-doing, and the punisher 

 of iniquity. This may be proved from the marks of design and 

 contrivance visible in the material world ; as is amply shown by Dr. 

 Paley in his excellent work on this division of Theology ; and espe- 

 cially by the analogy between temporal and spiritual things, or the 

 " Analogy of Religion, natural and revealed, to the constitution and 

 course of Nature," so admirably developed by the learned and pious 

 Bishop Butler. 



The Evidences of Christianity, comprehend the various facts 



