EUROPEAN. 173 



in the west ; Jlchaia and Corinthia, in the north ; and Arcadia, in 

 the interior. Lacedsemon, or Sparta, was the capital of Laeonia ; 

 Olympici, of Elis ; and Corinth, of Corinthia. In Grsecia Propria, 

 were the states of Jlttica, east of the isthmus of Corinth; and 

 farther north, proceeding towards the west, were Bceolia, Phocis, the 

 Locri, Doris, JEtolia, and Jlcarnania ; this latter bordering on the 

 Gulf of Venice. Athens was the ancient capital of Attica ; Thebse 

 or Thebes, of Boeotia ; and Delphi, of Phocis. The more northern 

 states were Thessaly, in the east, and Epirus, in the west ; which 

 belong only in part to modern Greece. .Athens, the present capital, 

 and Corinth, retain their classic names ; and among the other cities 

 are Napoli, in the south-east, near the ancient rfrgos, in Argolis ; and 

 Navarino and Missolonghi, in the west. The Republic of the 

 Ionian Islands, Cephalonia, Zante, Corfu and others, on the west- 

 ern coast of Greece, is under the protection of Great Britain. 



Italy, retains its ancient name ; including the ancient Magna 

 Grsecia, in the south; and Gallia Cisalpina, or Cisalpine Gaul, in 

 the north. Magna Grsecia contained the provinces of Messapia, in 

 the east ; Bruttii, in the south ; and farther north, Lucania and 

 Apulia. Paestum, in the south-west, was a city of Lucania, and 

 Cannx, in the east, a village of Apulia. Italia Propria, contained 

 the states of Etruria or Tuscia, north-west of Rome ; Latium 

 south-east of it, Campania, farther south ; Samnium, east of Latium ; 

 and numerous tribes or states in the east and north-east. Gallia 

 Cisalpina included Venetia, in the north-east ; Liguria, in the west, 

 and numerous tribes between. Italy is now divided into the King- 

 dom of the Two Sicilies, in the south ; the States of the Church, 

 or Papal States, next north; and the several Duchies of Tuscany, 

 Lucca, Modena and Parma, in the central part: the Lombardo- 

 Venetian kingdom, including Lombardy, and subject to Austria, in 

 the north-east and north ; and the Kingdom of Sardinia, including 

 Savoy, or as it might be called, the Two Sardinias, in the north- 

 west ; the two latter states extending to the rflps, or Jllpes Monies 

 of the ancients. The largest river in Italy, is the Po, the ancient 

 Padus ; south-eastward from which runs the Appenine range of 

 Mountains ; and Italy contains two of the most celebrated volcanoes 

 in the world ; Vesuvius, near Naples ; and Etna, on the island of 

 Sicily. The chief cities of Italy are, in the Two Sicilies, Naples, 

 anciently Neapolis, the capital, on the main land ; and Syracuse., 

 and Palermo, the ancient Panormus, on the island of Sicily: in 

 the States of the Church, Home, Jincona, and Bologna : in Tusca- 

 ny, Florence and Leghorn : in the other duchies, capitals bearing 

 their names ; in the Lombardo- Venetian Kingdom, Venice, and 

 Milan ; and in the Sardinias, Turin, and Genoa. Italy has a com- 

 mon language, literature, and religion, and excels in the fine arts; 

 but its divided states suffer from their unhappy political condition. 



Spain, called by the ancient Romans, Hispania, and by the 

 Greeks, Iberia, formerly included Portugal; and extended, as it 

 now does, from the Fretum Herculeum, or Straits of Gibraltar, on 

 the south, to the Oceanus Gallicus or jlquitanicus, the Bay of Bis- 

 cay, on the north. Hispania was divided, under Angustus, into 



