174 GEOGRAPHY. 



Lusitania, now Portugal, in the south-west; Bsetica, in the south ; 

 and Tarraconensis, previously called Hispania Citerior, in the 

 north and east ; each inhabited by various tribes. The largest rivers 

 of Spain, are the Ebro, or ancient Iberus, in the east; and the 

 Douro, 7'agus, and Guadiana, this last anciently called Anas, in 

 the west. The Pyrenees, or Pyrensci Monies, separate Spain from 

 France ; and to Spain belong the Balearic Isles, Majorca, Minorca, 

 and Ivica, in the Mediterranean ; as also the Canaries, and some 

 of the West Indies. Madrid is the capital, centrally located ; and 

 among the other cities of Spain, are Saragassa, Barcelona, Valen- 

 cia, and Carthagena, (anciently Carthago Nova), in the east; and 

 Granada, Malaga, Cadiz, Seville, and Cordova, in the south. 

 Spain has many shepherds, and grows excellent wool ; but agri- 

 culture and the arts are nearly prostrate, from long civil wars, and 

 the effects of luxury and superstition. Portugal, the ancient Lusi- 

 tania, is in a similar state to that of Spain. Its chief cities are 

 Lisbon, the capital, anciently Olisipo ; and in the north, Oporto. 

 The Azores, Madeiras, and Cape Verde Islands, belong to Portugal ; 

 and, like it, furnish large supplies of wine for exportation. Here, 

 as in Spain, the Roman religion, supported by its Convents and In- 

 quisition, long held absolute sway. 



2. We proceed next to the Geography of France, and Great 

 Britain ; which are strongly associated by historical, political, com- 

 mercial, and scientific relations. Both are constitutional monarchies ; 

 but in France, the Roman Catholic religion prevails ; while in Great 

 Britain the Protestant is the established religion ; though in both 

 countries other denominations are tolerated. 



France, the ancient Gallia, or Gallia Transalpina, extends from 

 the Fretum Gallicum, or English Channel, on the north, to the 

 Gallicus Sinus, a part of the Mediterranean, on the south. It was 

 the land of the Gauls ; and comprehended Narbonensis, in the south- 

 east ; Jlquitania, in the south-west ; Lugdunensis, in the centre and 

 north-west ; and Belgica, in the north-east. At a later period, it com- 

 prehended, among others, the provinces of Provence, with Dau- 

 phiny north of it, and Languedoc west of it, all in the south-east; 

 Gascony, and, north-east of it, Guienne, both in the south-west ; 

 Poitou and Jlnjou, in the west : Brittany and Normandy, in the 

 north-west; rfrtois, and Picardy, south of it, both in the north; Lor- 

 raine, Jllsace, south-east of it, and Franche Compte, south of it, all 

 in the east ; and Champagne, Burgundy, and Jluvergne in the inte- 

 rior, proceeding towards the south. The chief rivers of France, are 

 the Rhone, the ancient Rhodanus, in the south-east ; the Garonne 

 and the Loire, once called Liger, in the west ; and the Seine, the 

 ancient Sequana, in the north. Its mountains are the Cevennes or 

 Auvergne mountains, in the interior; the Pyrenees, on the south- 

 western frontier ; and the Alps, Jura, and Vosges, which skirt it on 

 the east. The chief cities of France, are Paris, the capital, contain- 

 ing 900,000 inhabitants ; with Rouen, below it on the Seine, and 

 Lisle (or Lille), in the extreme north ; Lyons, in the east, and Mar- 

 seilles and Toulon, in the south-east ; Bordeaux and Toulouse, in the 

 south-west; Nantes and Orleans, on the Loire, the latter, beino- 



