208 CHRONOGRAPHY. 



667 B. C. Jlncus Martins prevailed against the Latins and Sabines; 

 and Tarquinius Priscus, successful in war, employed the spoils in 

 improving the city. Servius Tullius, who began to reign 576 B. C., 

 divided the people into thirty tribes, and enlarged the city ; but Tar- 

 quinius Superbus, the seventh and last king, was expelled from 

 Rome., with his family, on account of the outrage against Lucretia, 

 by his son Sextus, 509 B. C.* 



From this period, Rome was governed by Consuls ; commencing 

 with Junius Brutus and Collatinus ; until it became an empire. The 

 Tarquins engaged the Etruscans, under Porsenna, in a war with Rome ; 

 and also enlisted the Latins in their behalf: on which occasion, Lar- 

 tius was made the first dictator, 498 B. C. The oppression of the 

 plebeians by the nobles, and their withdrawal to Mt. Sacer, led to 

 the appointment of Tribunes of the people, 493 B. C. The war 

 with the Volsci, and banishment of Coriolanus soon followed ; and 

 in another war with the Volsci and^Equi, Cincinnatus was made dic- 

 tator, 456 B. C. The laws of the Twelve Tables, were prepared 

 by the decemvirs, who were deposed in consequence of the abuse of 

 Virginia, by Appius Claudius, 450 B. C. Rome was first taken by 

 the Gauls, under Brennus, 390 B. C. ; but they were expelled by 

 Camillus, as dictator ; who also took Veii soon after. The Latins, 

 long allied to the Romans, were at length subdued by them, 338 

 B. C., when the consul Decius fell; and the subjugation of the 

 Tarentines and Samnites, made Rome the mistress of Italy, 272 B. C. 



The first Punic war, commenced in Sicily, 264 B. C., and lasted 

 23 years ; in which Regulus was taken prisoner by the Carthagi- 

 nians ; but the latter were expelled from Sicily. The second Punic 

 war, began 218 B. C., and lasted 17 years: memorable for the 

 victories of Hannibal over the Romans ; till he was recalled, and 

 defeated at Zama, by Scipio Jlfricanus. Rome next carried its 

 arms into the east; defeating Philip of Macedon, at CynocephalcB, 

 197 B. C., and Antiochus the Great, at Magnesia, 190 B. C. The 

 third Punic war, lasted only three years ; at the end of which Car- 

 thage was totally destroyed by Scipio Jlfricanus the younger, 146 

 B. C. In the same year the subjugation of Greece was completed, 

 and Rome ruled from Spain to Thrace, inclusive. 



The victories of Marius over the Teutones and Cimbri, occurred 

 101 B. C. ; but the civil wars between him and Sylla, ended only in 

 his death, and the dictatorship of Sylla, 86 B. C. A war with 

 Mithridates, king of Pontus, resulted in the conquest of Asia Minor 

 and Syria, by Pompey, 64 B. C. ; the year before Cat aline' 1 s con- 

 spiracy. The first Triumvirate, was formed by Crassus, Pompey, 

 and Caesar, 60 B. C. : but Crassus fell in Parthia ; and Pompey, 

 venturing to war with Caesar, was defeated at Pharsalia, 48 B. C. 

 Four years after this, Csesar was slain by the Roman senator?, and a 

 second Triumvirate was formed by Anthony, Lepidus, and Octavius, 

 43 B. C. By them Brutus and Cassius were defeated at Philippi, 

 42 B. C. ; after which, Anthony, joining Cleopatra, was defeated at 

 Jlctium, 31 B. C. ; and Lepidus having been exiled, Octavius became 



* It should be mentioned that all this part of the Roman history has been called 

 in question, by Niebuhr, and other historians. 



