EUROPEAN. 217 



states of Amhara, Tigre, and Shoa Efat. Melinda, in eastern Africa, 

 was taken by the Portuguese, about 1500; but recaptured by the 

 Arabs in 1698. Mozambique, taken by the Portuguese in 1508, 

 still remains in their possession ; and the Portuguese settlements in 

 Lower Guinea were formed at about the same time. 



The Cape of Good Hope, was colonized by the Dutch, in 1615. 

 It was taken by the British in 1795; and again in 1806 ; since which 

 time it has remained in their possession. In 1787, the African 

 Association was formed, in England, by Sir Joseph Banks and 

 others, for the purpose of exploring the interior of Africa, (p. 179). 

 In the same year, Sierra -Leone was colonized by negroes from 

 England ; and being surrendered to the British crown in 1807, it has 

 since been made the home of negroes rescued from slave ships. In 

 1807, the African Institution was formed in England, by Sharpe, 

 Clarkson, Wilberforce and others, for the abolition of the slave trade, 

 and the civilization of the Africans. Slaves were carried by the 

 Portuguese, from Africa to the Spanish American colonies, as early 

 as 1503. The traffic was legalized by Spain, in 1517 ; and sanc- 

 tioned, soon after, by France and England. The United States and 

 England abolished this trade in 1808; France, finally in 1815; 

 Spain, in 1820; and Portugal, nominally in 1823. The American 

 Colonization Society, was formed in 1816; to colonize in Africa 

 the free colored people of the United States. Liberia was purchased 

 by it in 1821; and settled by the first emigrants in 1822; under 

 Governor Jlshmun. 



A few words on Oceanic History, must here suffice ; as the pro- 

 gress of discovery in Oceanica has already been traced, (p. 192). 

 Java, was first colonized by the Portuguese, soon after its discovery ; 

 but taken from them by the Dutch ; who, in 1619, made it the capital 

 of their Indian possessions. Sumatra, was settled by the Dutch, in 

 1666 ; and the English also formed there the settlement of Bencoolen,- 

 in 1685; which in 1825 they ceded to the Dutch, in exchange for 

 Malacca. Celebes, was taken from the Portuguese, by the Dutch, in 

 1687; and, with it, the monopoly of the Spice Islands. The colony 

 of Botany Bay, was founded in 1788, by the British ; who took 

 formal possession of the eastern part of New Holland, in 1824 ; and 

 commenced a western Australian colony, in 1829. Van Diemen's 

 Land was colonized by them, at Hobart's town, in 1804. The 

 Philippine Islands were settled by the Spaniards, in 1570. 



CHAPTER III. 



EUROPEAN CHRONOGRAPHY. 



IN the branch of European Chronography, we include the History 

 and Antiquities of Europe ; excepting those of ancient Greece and 

 Rome, included in Euclassic ; and of Turkey, included in Oriental 

 Chronography. Here, therefore, we are to speak of all the Christian 

 nations of modern Europe ; tracing them back individually to the 

 28 T 



