EUROPEAN. 221 



incorporated with France in 1805 ; and finally assigned to the king- 

 dom of Sardinia in 1815. Savoy became a distinct county in 1016; 

 a duchy in 1416 ; and a kingdom, from the peace of Utrecht in 1713 ; 

 the island of Sardinia being annexed to it in 1720, under Jlmadeus II. 

 It was invaded by the French in 1798 ; but reinstated as a kingdom, 

 under the name of Sardinia, in 1815, by the Congress of Vienna. 



The kingdom of the TUJO Sicilies, (Naples and Sicily), was found- 

 ed by Norman adventurers ; and became a duchy under Robert 

 Guiscard, in 1060 ; and a kingdom under Roger II., in 1 130. When 

 his family became extinct, in 1189, the kingdom fell to'Henry' VI. 

 of Germany, and to his descendants, till it was granted, in 1254, by 

 the pope, to Charles of Anjou, brother to Louis IX. of France. 

 Sicily revolted from his reign, and by the massacre of the Sicilian 

 vespers, in 1282, the French were extirpated from Palermo. The 

 French were expelled from Naples in 1458, by Mphonso V. (Alfonso) 

 of Arragon ; after which Naples was connected successively with 

 Spain and Austria, till it was conferred on Ferdinand of Spain, in 

 1759. Since that time, it has remained a distinct kingdom. 



Tuscany, became a grand-duchy in 1569, under Cosmo de' Medici. 

 On the failure of his line, in 1737, it passed to Francis, duke of 

 Lorraine ; and from him to the house of Austria, to which it still 

 remains subject ; though entirely distinct from the Austrian empire. 

 Of the other Italian duchies we have no room here to speak. 



2. The History of Spain, commences with its settlement by the 

 Phoenicians; who built Cadiz, it is said, 900 B. C. It was invaded 

 by the Carthaginians, about 500 B. C. ; and partially held by them 

 till the end of the second Punic war, 201 B. C. ; when it was ceded 

 to the Romans ; though not completely subdued by the latter, till the 

 time of Augustus. On the decline of the Roman power, Spain was 

 invaded, and mostly subdued, by the Vandals, Suevi, and Alans, 

 A. D. 406; but about 419, the Visigoths, under Wallia, became its 

 masters, and drove the Vandals into Africa. The Catholic religion 

 was introduced into Spain, in 586, under Reccared I. In 712, this 

 country was invaded by the Moors ; and Don Roderick, who had 

 usurped the throne, was defeated at Xeres, by Tarik, sent from 

 Barbary ; who thus subjected Spain to the caliphate of Bagdad. In 

 756, Mdalrahman rendered Spain independent ; and established the 

 caliphate of Cordova, the seat of Moorish learning. This caliphate 

 became divided, about 1038, among several Moorish princes. 



Meanwhile, as early as 718, Pelagius the Goth, retiring to the 

 mountains of Asturias, founded the kingdom of Leon ; which became 

 united with Castile, in 1037, under Ferdinand I. Barcelona became 

 a distinct county in 801; and was united with Arragon, in 1162, 

 under Raymond, surnamed Alphonso II. By these Christian pow- 

 ers the Moors were gradually driven back ; and by the battle of 

 Tolosa, in 1220, they lost all Spain except Granada in the south. 

 After the marriage of Ferdinand V. of Arragon, styled the Catholic, 

 with Isabella of Castile, in 1479, their forces were united against the 

 Moors ; and the conquest of Granada was completed in 1492. This 

 success induced Isabella to patronize Columbus ; while Ferdinand's 

 fame was tarnished by t! e introduction of the Inquisition. Charles I. 



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