222 CHRONOGRAPHS. 



of Spain, the grandson of Isabella, came to the throne in 1516, and 

 soon after became emperor of Germany, under the title of Charles V. ; 

 as heir to his father, Philip, archduke of Austria. The rivalry of 

 Francis I. of France, led to a war, in which Francis was taken 

 prisoner, and confined till the peace of Madrid, in 1526; which left 

 Charles the most powerful monarch of Europe, with the wealth of 

 America at his command. 



Charles resigned the Spanish crown, in 1556, to his son Philip II. ; 

 whose intolerance and religious wars, and especially the armada sent 

 against England, but destroyed in 1588, exhausted his resources, and 

 weakened the nation. The expulsion of the Moors, by Philip III., 

 in 1609, and the loss of Portugal during the reign of Philip IV., 

 accelerated this decline. Charles II. appointed Philip of Anjou to 

 be his successor : and this led to the war of the Spanish Succession, 

 in which France and Spain supported Philip ; but England and Hol- 

 land aided Germany, in favor of the emperor Leopold. This war 

 began in 1701, and ended with the peace of Utrecht, in 1713 ; by 

 which Philip retained the crown, under the title of Philip V. ; but 

 lost many of its foreign possessions. Under Charles III., Spain 

 united with France, in aiding the United States of America to secure, 

 their independence ; and in 1782, those powers attempted, but in vain, 

 to take Gibraltar from the English. The difficulties between Charles 

 IV. and his son Ferdinand VII., invited the interposition of Napoleon ; 

 who in 1808, placed his brother, Joseph Bonaparte, on the Spanish 

 throne. In the wars which followed, the French were expelled, and 

 Ferdinand restored, in 1814 ; by the aid of the English. Isabella II., 

 the daughter of Ferdinand, is now the queen and sole monarch of 

 Spain. 



The history of Portugal, belongs to that of Spain, till Henry of 

 Burgundy, having assisted Alphonso VI. of Castile and Leon against 

 the Moors, was appointed by him, A. D. 1094, to be governor of 

 the provinces around Oporto ; and Alphonso I., the son of Henry, 

 having defeated the Moors at Ourique, was at once saluted king of 

 Portugal, in 1139. In 1383, the direct line of Burgundy having 

 become extinct, the crown was conferred on John I. of the same 

 family. His son, Henry, the Infante, surnamed the Navigator, set 

 on foot those enterprizes which opened the way to the Indies, in the 

 reign of John II. In 1580, the crown becoming vacant, was seized 

 by Philip II. of Spain ; and held by that power till 1640, when the 

 Portuguese placed John of Braganza, of the old royal family, upon 

 the throne. In the reign of Joseph I. the Jesuits were banished from 

 Portugal, in 1759; and reforms were made in the government. After 

 the French Revolution of 1789, Portugal became involved in the wars 

 with France ; and in 1807, the regent John VI. sailed to Brazil, 

 leaving the country in the hands of the French ; but it was restored 

 to him by the peace of Paris, in 1814. In 1821, John returned to 

 Portugal, leaving his son Don Pedro, to govern Brazil, which became 

 independent in 1825. Maria II. (Donna Maria), the daughter of 

 Pedro, now occupies the throne of Portugal. 



3. The History of France, commences with that of the Gauls, 

 its ancient inhabitants ; whose subjugation to the Roman empire was 



