226 CHRONOGRAPHY. 



ral, the duke of Marlborough, aided by the Germans under Prince 

 Eugene, gained the battles of Blenheim in 1704, Ramilies in 1706, 

 Oudenard in 1708, and Malplaquet in 1709; thus inducing the 

 peace of Utrecht, in 1713. 



Anne was succeeded in 1714, by George I. of Hanover, great- 

 grandson of James I. ; and with him commenced the dynasty of 

 Brunswick. George II. took part in the war of the Austrian succes- 

 sion, in aid of Maria Theresa ; till the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, in 

 1748. By the seven years' war, against France and Germany, end- 

 ing in the peace of Paris, in 1763, George III. gained Canada ; but 

 by unjust exactions and uncompromising measures, he lost the United 

 States, in a war ending with the peace of Paris, in 1783. In his 

 time occurred the French Revolution, and the rise of Bonaparte ; 

 against whom Great Britain, fearing his exorbitant power, took a 

 decisive part. Her armies and her wealth at length procured his 

 downfall, doubly sealed by the last great battle of Waterloo, in 1814. 

 George IV. began to reign in 1820; William IV. in 1830; and 

 Victoria in 1837. 



Scotland, was probably first settled by the Celts, "and afterwards by 

 the Picts, who resisted the Roman power ; and Walls were built by 

 the Romans to prevent their inroads. The Scots or Dalriads from 

 Ireland, migrated thither under their leader, Fergus, A. D. 503 ; and 

 Kenneth Mac Alpine first united the Scots and Picts under one 

 reign, in 843. Malcolm I., who gained the crown in 943, received 

 Cumberland from the English, on condition of guarding their northern 

 frontier; and Malcolm II., in 1004, defeated the Danish invaders, 

 and finally made peace with Sweyn, their king. Malcolm III., who 

 began to reign in 1057, was the son of Duncan, who was murdered by 

 Lady Macbeth. On the death of Alexander III., in 1284, Edward I. 

 of England, as umpire between Bruce and Baliol, gained a nominal 

 sovereignty, bjr favoring the latter ; but Bruce, (Robert I.), defeated 

 the English at Bannockburn, in 1314, and became king of Scotland. 



On the extinction of his line, Robert II., of the house of Stuart, 

 (or Stewart), ascended the throne in 1371. James I. was murdered 

 by his nobles, in 1437; and James III. slain during a rebellion, in 

 1488. James IV. married Margaret, daughter of Henry VII. of 

 England, thus giving to his heirs a claim to the English crown; but 

 he fell at the battle of Flodden, in 1513. James V., in alliance with 

 France, opposed the Reformation ; but in vain. His daughter and 

 successor, the beautiful Mary Stuart, was cruelly beheaded, by order 

 of Queen Elizabeth, in 1587 : but her son, James VI. of Scotland, 

 inherited the crown of Elizabeth, and became sole king of Great 

 Britain, in 1603, as already mentioned ; though Scotland continued 

 to be a distinct kingdom, till the act of Union, in 1707. 



Ireland was peopled by the Celts, and known to the Phoenicians, 

 at an early age ; but its history has not been well preserved. It was 

 divided among several rival clans, till Brian Boroihm united them 

 mostly under his sceptre, about the year 1000, of our era. In 1172, 

 Henry II. of England, taking advantage of a quarrel between Dermod 

 of Leinster and Roderick O'Connor, landed with an army in Ireland, 

 and subdued all of it except the province of Ulster ; which fell to the 



