228 CHRONOGRAPHY. 



man), became the first emperor of Germany, as a distinct state. 

 His son, Charles, (the Fat), reacquired France and Italy, by inherit- 

 ance ; but, being a weak prince, resigned the crown in favor of 

 Arnold, (or Arnulph), in 888. With Lewis, the son of Arnold, the 

 Carlovingian race became extinct ; and the empire then became elective. 

 Conrad of Franconia was chosen emperor, in 912 ; and Henry I., 

 (the Fowler), of the house of Saxony, was raised to the throne, in 

 919. He and his successors, the first three Othos, enlarged and 

 improved the empire. 



On the death of Henry II., in 1024, the crown was conferred on 

 Conrad II., of the Salic tribe, and house of Franconia. His grand- 

 son, Henry IV., was deposed by Pope Gregory VII., and compelled 

 to do penance, barefoot, at Rome, in 1076 ; but he, in return, deposed 

 Gregory, and appointed another pope. On the death of Lothaire II., 

 in 1 139, the crown was given to Conrad III., of the house of Swabia, 

 or Hohenstaufen, who was supported by the Ghibelines. Frede- 

 rick I., Barbarossa, engaging in the third Crusade, was drowned in 

 the river Cydnus, in Cilicia, in 1190. Otho IV., of Brunswick, 

 received the crown in 1208 : but after the death of Conrad IV., and 

 a confused interregnum, the choice fell on Rodolph I., count of Haps- 

 burg, in 1273 ; and from him sprang the house of Austria. The 

 quarrels of Louis IV. of Bavaria, with Pope John XXII., led to the 

 first Pragmatic Sanction, in 1338 ; by which the electors declared 

 Germany independent of the pope. Charles IV., of Luxembourg, 

 issued in 1356, the Golden Bull, (from bulla, a seal), fixing the 

 laws of the empire, (p. 110). 



On the death of Sigismund, of Hungary, in 1438, his son-in-law, 

 Albert II., duke of Austria, was elected emperor; and from this time 

 the house of Austria became predominant in Germany. Maximi- 

 lian I. united in the League of Cambray, in 1508, against Venice ; 

 but without success. His grandson, Charles V., inherited Spain 

 from his mother; and was elected emperor, in 1519; in opposition 

 to Francis I. of France, with whom he was engaged in five successive 

 wars. Charles abdicated the throne in 1556, in favor of his brother 

 Ferdinand I. , leaving Spain and the Netherlands to his son Philip. 

 In the reign of Mattnias, commenced the Thirty years' war, in 1618, 

 between the Imperialists, or Catholic League, and the Protestants, 

 or Evangelical Union: the latter ultimately aided by Sweden and 

 France. This war continued under the reigns of Ferdinand II., 

 whose army was defeated by Gustavus Adolphus, at Lutzen, in 

 1632; and of Ferdinand III., who was opposed by Torstenson, 

 Conde, and Turenne, till the peace of Westphalia, in 1 648. 



The claim of Leopold I. to the crown of Spain, for his son, led 

 to the war of the Spanish succession, in 1702, in which England and 

 Holland aided Leopold, against France : (p. 222) : but at the peace 

 of Utrecht, in 1713, Spain fell to the Bourbons. The Pragmatic 

 Sanction of Charles VI., securing his crown to his daughter, Maria 

 Theresa, queen of Hungary, led, on his decease, in 1740, to the war 

 of the Austrian succession ; in which that queen, aided by England, 

 was opposed to Charles of Bavaria, aided by France and Prussia. 

 By the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle. in 1748, Francis I. of Lorraine, the 



