AMERICAN. 235 



1634, by Mr. Calvert. Connecticut was settled, at Windsor, in 

 1633; and Rhode Island, at Providence, by Roger Williams, in 

 1636. Nortli Carolina was settled from Virginia, in 1650; and 

 South Carolina, at Port Royal, by William Sayle, in 1670 : but the 

 present city of Charleston was founded in 1680. Pennsylvania 

 was probably settled by the Swedes, in 1627 ; but Philadelphia was 

 founded by William Penn, in 1682. Vermont was not settled till 

 1725 ; nor Georgia, till 1733. 



Meanwhile, notwithstanding the hardships endured, and wars en- 

 gaged in with the Indians, the colonies increased rapidly in numbers 

 and in strength. Among the earlier Indian Wars, were those in Vir- 

 ginia, in 1618, 1622, and 1644: in Maryland, in 1642; the Pequot 

 war, in Connecticut, in 1636-7 ; and the Narragansett war, in 

 Rhode Island, in 1675-6. There was a war between the Dutch and 

 Indians in New York, in 1646 ; and in 1664, New York and the 

 other Dutch colonies were subjugated by the English, who thus con- 

 solidated their territory. Still, the colonies were hemmed in by the 

 French ; and they suffered severely in the French and Indian 

 Wars, consequent to the wars between France and England. In the 

 first of these wars, ending with the peace of Ryswick, the French 

 and Indians burnt Schenectady, in 1690. In the war of the Spanish 

 succession, the Indians burnt Deerfield, Mass., in 1704, and ravaged 

 the Carolinas : but the French were repulsed from Charleston, in 

 1706 ; and Port Royal, Nova Scotia, was taken by the colonists, in 

 1710. In the war of the Austrian succession, the colonies aided in 

 taking Louisburg from the French, in 1745 ; and D'Anville's fleet, 

 sent against the colonies, was disabled by a storm, in the following 

 year. The French encroachments on the Ohio, the subject of Wash- 

 ington's mission, in 1753, led England to take part in the Seven 

 years' war; in which Braddock was defeated, in 1755; and the 

 French took Oswego in 1756 ; and Fort William Henry, N. Y., in 

 1757; but afterwards, by a series of defeats, they were deprived of 

 Canada, and all their northern possessions, by the English, in 1760. 



In 1764, Great Britain, by the Stamp act, commenced that op- 

 pressive system of taxation, which led to the assembling of a Colo- 

 nial Congress, in 1765 ; and the organization of a Continental Con- 

 gress, from all the colonies, except Georgia, in 1774 ; which 

 appointed General Washington to be Commander-in-Chief of the 

 American forces, in 1775; and issued the Declaration of Inde- 

 pendence, July. 4th, 1776. The first blood was shed at Lexington, 

 in 1775; and followed by the battle of Bunker's Hill, and the expe- 

 dition to Canada, in the same year. In 1776, the British evacuated 

 Boston ; but they were successful at Brooklyn, and White Plains. 

 Washington retreated to New Jersey ; and there turned the tide of 

 success, by the victory at Trenton, near the close of the year. In 

 1777, the British were defeated &\, Princeton, N. J. ; andatBennington, 

 Vt.; and after the battles of Still water and Saratoga, the British army, 

 under Burgoyne, surrendered to General Gates. Meanwhile, the Bri- 

 tish were successful at Brandywine, and Germantown ; and took 

 possession of Philadelphia, until the following summer. They were, 

 however, defeated at Red Bank ; and in 1778, at Monmouth, N. J.; 



