240 CHRONOGRAPHY. 



seizing the Inca, Atahualpa or Atabalipa, and putting him to death. 

 In 1535, the Spaniards founded the city of Lima; and in 1543, the 

 president of the audiencia, or court of Lima, was appointed governor 

 of Peru. Tupac Amaru, the last of the Incas, was vanquished, and 

 put to death, in 1562. There were several revolts of the natives; 

 the most important of which was that headed by another Tupac 

 Amaru, in 1780 : but they were all suppressed. When Spain was 

 subdued by the French power, in 1808, Peru began to meditate her 

 independence: but this was not effected till 1821; when General 

 San Martin, at the head of a Chilian army, expelled the Spaniards 

 from Lima, and was declared protector of the Peruvian republic. 

 The Spaniards again took Lima, in 1823, but were expelled by 

 Bolivar, acting as dictator; and the battle of Ayacucho, in 1824, 

 gained by General Sucre, sealed the independence of Peru. The 

 suspected ambition of Bolivar, then president of Colombia, led to a 

 war between that republic and Peru, which terminated in 1829. 

 Peru was divided, in 1836, into North, and South Peru; and from 

 1837 to 1839, it was united with Bolivia; but it is now a distinct 

 government, under the presidency of General Gamarra. 



Bolivia, was a part of Peru, until 1778 ; when it was united to 

 Buenos Ayres. It shared in the revolution which commenced in 

 1809 ; but, in 1825, it declared itself a distinct republic, under the 

 above name. General Santa Cruz was elected its president in 

 1829; and, in 1837, Peru was placed under his protection; thus 

 forming the Peru-Bolivian Confederation : but this was dissolved 

 by a revolution in Peru, in 1839 ; and Bolivia then became once 

 more a distinct government, under General Velasco. 



6. Of the more southern Spanish possessions, Chili was invaded 

 by Almagro, in 1535, without success; but Valdivia, sent by 

 Pizarro, founded Santiago, in 1541, and Conception, in 1550. He 

 was afterwards defeated by the Araucanians ; a warlike native tribe, 

 who have never been subdued by the Spaniards. Their chief wars 

 were those of 1598, and 1665, the latter of which ended 10 years 

 afterward, in a formal treaty of peace. In 1770, an attempt of 

 Gonzago to collect the Araucanians in towns, led to another war; 

 by which it was conceded that the natives should have a resident 

 minister or representative, at Santiago. The Revolution in Chili, 

 commenced in 1810, but was repressed by the Spanish forces from 

 Peru, till 1817 ; when, by the aid of General San Martin, with 

 troops from Buenos Ayres, the victories of Chacabuco and Maypu, 

 secured the independence of Chili. Don Bernardo CFHiggins, 

 was elected its first president; but was compelled to resign, in 1823. 

 General Prieto is now the president of Chili. 



La Plata, or the Argentine Republic, was first colonized by 

 Mendoza, in 1535 ; and the city of Buenos Ayres was founded by 

 him in the same year. It was dependent on Peru, till 1778 ; when 

 it was erected into the viceroyalty of Buenos Ayres, or La Plata ; 

 and allowed to trade directly with several ports of Spain. In 1806, it 

 was attacked, and the city taken by the British; but they were soon 

 expelled, by the aid of Liniers, a French officer. In 1810, the 

 first insurrection against the mother country broke out in Buenos 



