ORIENTAL. 255 



more fully to describe. We shall here follow the same general order 

 as in Oriental Chronography : for the reasons therein explained. This 

 arrangement will bring the Biography of all the Mohamedan nations 

 into one connected series ; which will be followed by that of the re- 

 maining nations, in the east of Asia. 



1. Commencing with Arabian Biography, the names of the first 

 ten Caliphs, or vicarious successors of Mohamed, and the dates of their 

 accession, are as follows : Abu-Bekir, (or Aboo Beker, whose original 

 name was Abdallah Ebn Abu Koafas), A. D. 632 ; Omar, the victo- 

 rious, 634 ; Othman, (or Osman), 644 ; All, regarded by the Persians 

 as the first caliph, 656, assassinated 660 ; Moawiyah, (or Moawiah), 

 first of the Ommiades, 660 ; Yezid, (or Jezid), 679 ; Moawiyah II., 

 683 ; Abdallah, 684 ; Merwan I., same year ; and Abdulmelek, 

 685. Among the remaining caliphs were fflalid I., the victorious, 

 A. D. 705; Suleiman, 714; Hashem, 723; Ibrahim, 744; Abul 

 Abbas, called Saffah, or the bloody, first of the house of Abbas, A. 

 D. 750 ; Jll Mansor, (Mansur, or Abu Giafar), 754, first of the 

 caliphs of Bagdad; Haroun al Raschid, (or Haroon al Rasheed), 

 786; Al Mamun, 813; and Motasim, 833; the four last men- 

 tioned being known as patrons of learning. Al Motazem, (or 

 Mostasem), the last caliph of Bagdad, was put to death, A.D. 1258. 

 Khaled, (or Caled), the general of Aboo Beker, died in 639; Amroo, 

 (or Amru), the general of Omar, died in 663 ; and Thaher, the 

 general of Al Mamun, flourished in 813. 



Of Arabian geographers, we would mention Scherif Edrisi, who 

 flourished A. D. 1160; and Ismael Abulfeda, prince of Hamah, in 

 Syria, who died in 1333. To this class of writers belong also Al 

 Balkhi, Al Beirouni, and Ibn Essakar. Of historians, besides Abul- 

 feda just mentioned, Hesham Schoaib Alkhekebi flourished in 818 ; 

 and Abulfaragius, (or Abulpharagius), bishop of Guba in Syria, died 

 in 1286. Other historians were Makrizi, Assoiuti, Aljazri, Elmacin, 

 Tabari, and Arabshah. Elmanicus, of Egypt, wrote a Saracen 

 History, in the 13th century. Of Arabian poets, besides those 

 of the Moallakat, to be mentioned under Callography, Montanabbi, 

 (or Motenabbi), was killed by robbers, in 965 ; Abu Ismael To- 

 grai, (or Thograi), vizier of Bagdad, flourished in 1100; Abu 

 Temam, in 830 ; and Bochteri, in 880. Other poets were Abu Beer, 

 Al Nasaphi, Shafari, Abu Mansur, Al Gazi, and Ibn Zadun. Admai, 

 (or Asmai), the great romancer, flourished at the court of Haroon al 

 Rasheed, in 800 ; and Ithiel Hariri, and Abu Dschafar Ibn To- 

 phail, also excelled in romance. 



Of scientific Arabians, we would name as astronomers, besides the 

 caliph Al Mamun, Jllbategnius, (or Albatani), of Mesopotamia, who 

 died 888 ; Alhazen, of Spain, who flourished about 1100 ; and Men 

 Ragel, who lived in the thirteenth century. Al Farabi, (or Alfara- 

 bius), the natural philosopher, flourished in 954. Almubassar, was 

 a follower of Aristotle. Among the Arabian physicians, were Sera- 

 pion, who flourished about 800; Rhazes, about 880; and Geber, 

 and Halyabbas at about the same time. Avicenna died in 1036; 

 Albucasis, in 1106 ; Avenzoar, of Spain, died at Morocco, in 1169 ; 

 and Averroes, of Cordova, who was famed for general learning, 



