258 BIOGRAPHY. 



or in power ; while not a few of the latter may also be reckoned 

 among the former. By this retrospect, we are also encouraged to 

 hope that the prejudices and jealousies which have in time past 

 opposed barriers to international intercourse, are gradually disappear- 

 ing; and that the various nations will henceforward become more 

 and more united, in a reciprocity of kindness and beneficence. In 

 pursuing this branch of Biography, we shall of course follow the 

 geographical order, adopted in the preceding departments. 



1. The Biography of Modern Greece, relates chiefly to the 

 leaders in the late Revolution ; among whom were Mavrocor- 

 dato, the first president ; Colocotroni and Conduriottis, who were 

 among his successors ; the brothers Ypsilanti, of whom Alexander 

 died in prison at Vienna, in 1828; Mavromichalis the Patriotic ; and 

 Marco Bozzaris, the Brave, who fell in the arms of victory, in 

 1823. 



The subject of Italian Biography, naturally commences with an 

 enumeration of some of the most distinguished Popes, and the date 

 of their accession. Reckoning from the apostolic age, their whole 

 number is about 258 ; but we have room to give the names only of 

 the following. Leo L, called the Saint, A. D. 440 ; Hilary, (or 

 Hilarius),461 ; Felix II., 483 ; Symmachus, 498 ; Hormisdas, 514; 

 Pelagius I., 556; John III., 560; Gregory I., surnamed the Great, 

 590; Boniface III., 606; (see p. 218;) Honorius I., 626; Theo- 

 dore I., 641, the first who was styled sovereign pontiff; Vitalianus, 

 (or Vitellianus), 655 ; Domnus, 676 ; Benedict II., 684 ; Sergius I., 

 687; Constantius, (or Constantine), 708; Gregory II., 714; Gre- 

 gory III., 731 ; Zachary, (or Zacharius), 741 ; Stephen III., 752, 

 the first who acquired territorial sovereignty; Adrian I., 772 ; Leo 

 III., 795; Paschal I., 817, who first created cardinals; Leo IV., 

 847 ; John VIII., 872 ; Benedict IV., the virtuous, 905 ; Anastatius 

 III., 910; John X., 913; Martin III., 943 ; John XIII., 965 ; John 

 XVI., 985; Benedict VIII., 1012; John XIX., 1024; Leo IX., 

 1049; Gregory VII., (Hildebrand), 1073; Urban II., 1088; Eu- 

 gene III., 1145; Alexander III., 1159; Clement III., 1188; Inno- 

 cent III., 1198; Gregory IX., 1227; Gregory X., 1271; Boniface 

 VIII., 1294 ; Clement V., 1305, who removed to Avignon ; Gregory 

 XL, 1370, who restored the papal chair to Rome ; John XXIL, 1410 ; 

 Martin V., 1417; Pius II., 1458; Alexander VI., the vile, 1492; 

 Leo X., (Giovanni or John de Medici), 1513, who opposed the 

 Reformation; Paul III., the licentious, 1534; Pius V., 1566; Gre- 

 gory XIII., 1572 ; Sixtus V., 1585; Clement VIII., (Aldobrandini), 

 1592; Paul V., 1605; Urban VIIL, 1623; Innocent X., 1644; 

 Clement X., 1670; Clement XL, 1700; Benedict XIV., (Lamber- 

 tini), 1740; Clement XIV., (Ganganelli), 1769; Pius VI., 1774; 

 Pius VIL, 1800; Leo XII., 1822; Pius VIIL, 1829; and Gregory 

 XVL, 1831. 



Of Italian statesmen and warriors, Obizzo of Este, first leader of 

 the Guelfs, or papal party, flourished about 1130; as did also his 

 rival, Eccelino Romano, (or Da Romano), the first chief of the 

 Ghibelines. The Este family were of Modena ; the Romano, of 

 Verona and Padua. Eccelino Romano III., the cruel, was defeated 



