EUROPEAN. 259 



by Jlzzo of Este, and killed himself about 1260. Nicolas II. of 

 Este, who died 1388, and Nicolas III., who died in 1441, were dis- 

 tinguished patrons of learning. So were also Cosmo de Medici, 

 chief of Florence, who died in 1464 ; and his grandson, Lorenzo, 

 called the Magnificent, who died in 1492. Gian Galeazzo Visconti, 

 a descendant of Lucchino, and duke of Milan, died of the plague in 

 1402. Machiavelli, the politician, of Florence, died in 1530; and 

 Andrew Doria, the defender and doge of Genoa, died in 1560. 

 Of the Ricci, Albizzi, Strozzi, Scali, and Alberti of Florence ; the 

 Torri and Visconti of Milan; and numerous other distinguished 

 families, we have no room here to speak. Nicholas Rienzi, (Cola 

 di Rienzi), the popular tribune of Rome, celebrated in romance, was 

 slain in 1354. 



Of Italian voyagers and travellers, we have only room to mention 

 Marco Polo, (or Paulo), who flourished in 1272; the brothers Zeno, 

 (or the Zeni), in 1390 ; the great Columbus, (Cristoval Columbo), 

 who died in 1506; Vespucius, (Amerigo Vespucci), who died in 

 1512; and his rival contemporaries, John Cabot, and Verrazano. 

 Of the Italian historians, besides Machiavelli, we would mention 

 Guicciardini of Florence, who wrote a history of Italy, and died in 

 1540; Sarpi, called Father Paul, or Fra Paolo, of Venice, who died 

 in 1623 ; Davila, who lived in France and Venice, and died in 1631 ; 

 JBentivoglio, the cardinal, who died in 1644; Muratori, who wrote 

 several works, and died in 1750 ; and Botta, who died in 1837. 

 Davila wrote on French history ; Bentivoglio on Flemish ; and 

 Botta on American. Among other Italian historians, we may name 

 Nerli, Nardi, Segni, Varchi, Denina, Colletta, Serra, Varese, Sfor- 

 zosi, and Giannone. 



Of the Italian poets, Dante JHighieri, of Florence, died at Ra- 

 venna, in 1321 ; Francesco Petrarca, or Petrarch, born at Florence, 

 died near Padua, in 1374 ; Ludovico Jlriosto, died at Ferrara, in 

 1533 ; and Torquato Tasso, after an unhappy life, died at Rome, in 

 1595. Sannazaro died in 1533 ; Trissino of Vicenza, died at Rome 

 in 1550 ; Vida died in 1566 ; Guarini, in 1612 ; and Maffei, in 1755. 

 Metastasio, the dramatist, died at Vienna, in 1782 ; Goldoni, of 

 Venice, died in 1792 ; Jllfieri, of Piedmont, a dramatic and epic 

 poet, died at Florence, in 1803 ; and Ugo Foscolo, died near Lon- 

 don, in 1827. Boccacio, the novelist, of Florence, died at Certaldo, 

 in 1375. 



In the physical sciences, Italy has produced Galileo, (Galilei), 

 who was patronized in Venice and Florence, persecuted in Rome, 

 and died in 1642; Torricelli, his pupil, who died at Florence, in 

 1647 ; Boscovich, who died at Milan, in 1787 ; Galvani, of Bolog- 

 na, who died in 1798 ; and Volta, the electrician, and Piazzi, the 

 astronomer, both of whom died in 1826. Cxsalpinus, of Arezzo, 

 the physician and botanist, died in 1603 ; Jlldrovandi, of Bologna, 

 the naturalist, died in 1605 ; and Spallanzani, the naturalist, died 

 in 1799. Among other Italian physicians, Mondini, (or Mundinius), 

 of Bologna, flourished in 1315; Bercngarius died in 1527; Fra- 

 castorio, (or Fracastor), in 1553; Fallopius, in 1563; Fessalius, 

 in 1564 ; Eustachius died at Rome, in 1574 ; dsellius, died in 



