262 BIOGRAPHY. 



inclusive, with the dates of their accession ; as follows. 

 Capet, A. D. 987; Robert I., the Wise, 996; Henry I., 1031; 

 Philip I., the Amorous, 1061 ; Lewis (or Louis) VI., the Fat, 1108; 

 Lewis VII., the Young, 1137 ; Philip II. Augustus, 1180; Lewis 

 VIII., the Lion, 1223 ; Lewis IX. the Saint, 1226 ; Philip HI., the 

 Bold, 1270; Philip IV., the Fair, 1285 ; Lewis X., 1314; John I., 

 1315 ; Philip V., the Long, 1316 ; and Charles IV., the Fair, 1321 ; 

 all of the house of Capet. They were followed by Philip VI., of 

 Valois, the Fortunate, 1328 ; John II., 1351 ; Charles V., the Wise, 

 1364 ; Charles VI., the Beloved, 1380; Charles VII., the Victorious, 

 1422 ; Lewis XL, 1461 ; Charles VIII., 1483 ; Lewis XII., 1498 ; 

 Francis I., 1515; Henry II., 1547; Francis II., 1559; Charles 

 IX., 1560; and Henry III., 1574; who was the last of the house 

 of Valois. To these succeeded Henry IV., the Great, of Bourbon, 

 1589; Louis (or Lewis) XIII., 1610; Louis XIV., 1643; Louis 

 XV., 1715 ; Louis XVI., 1774 ; (Louis XVII., nominally in 1796) ; 

 Napoleon Bonaparte, in 1804 ; Louis XVIII., in 1814 ; Charles X., 

 in 1824 ; and Louis Philippe of Orleans, in 1830. 



Of French statesmen and warriors, Godfrey of Bouillon, who 

 took Jerusalem in the first Crusade, died there, A. D. 1100. Ber- 

 trand du Guesclin, constable of France, and general of Charles V., 

 died in 1380. Joan of Arc, the heroine, was burnt by the Inquisi- 

 tion, in 1431. Gaston de Foix, nephew, and general of Lewis 

 XII., died in 1512; and the chevalier Bayard, (Pierre du Terrail), 

 the knight without fear and without reproach, died of a wound, in 

 1524. Charles, duke and constable of Bourbon, unjustly banished, 

 was killed in attacking Rome, in 1527. Anne de Montmorency, 

 general of Francis I., died of wounds, in the war against the Hugu'e- 

 nots, in 1567; and Gaspard de Coligny, his antagonist, fell in the 

 massacre of St. Bartholomew, 1572. The chancellor, Michael de 

 rHopital, shared the same fate. Henry of Guise, the catholic 

 duke of Lorraine, was slain by order of Henry III., in 1588. The 

 duke of Sully, (Maximilian de Bethune), the able financier of Henry 

 IV., died in 1641. Cardinal Richelieu, (Armand Jean du Plessis), 

 minister of Louis XIII., died in 1642. Cardinal Mazarin, (Julius), the 

 first prime minister of Louis XIV., died in 1661 ; Cardinal delete, his 

 rival, died in 1679; and Jean Baptiste Colbert, his successor, 

 renowned as a financier, died in 1683. 



Marshal Turenne, general of Louis XIV., fell in 1675 ; and 

 his coadjutor, the prince of Conde, (Louis de Bourbon, ancestor of 

 the duke d'Enghien), died in 1687. Marshal Luxembourg, (Mont- 

 morency), died in 1695 ; Marshal Vauban, the engineer, died in 

 1707 ; and Marshal Villars, in 1734. Cardinal Fleury, minister of 

 Louis XV., died in 1743. James Turgot, who died in 1781 ; and 

 James Necker, of Geneva, who died in 1804, were ministers of 

 Louis XVI. Of the cruel revolutionary triumvirate, Danton and 

 Robespierre were guillotined in 1794, and Marat was assassinated 

 in 1793. Napoleon Bonaparte, the ex-emperor, died at St. Helena, 

 in 1821. Of his generals, including Murat, ex-king of Naples, and 

 Ney, who were shot in 1815, Massena, Larrey, Kleber, Lannes, 

 Desaix, Davoust, Lasalle, Suchet, Bessiere, Soult, Macdonald, 



