268 BIOGRAPHY. 



prince of Orange, the originator of his country's independence, was 

 assassinated, in 1584. His son, Maurice, of Nassau, prince of Orange, 

 and the second stadiholder, died in 1625 ; by whom Barneveldt, the 

 patriot, was put to death in 1619. John de Witt, the republican 

 stadtholder, or pensionary, fell by the hands of a mob, in 1672. Ad- 

 miral Michael Fitz Adrian De Ruyter, died in 1676 ; Admiral Mar- 

 tin Harpertzoon Van Tromp, fell in battle, in 1653; and his son, 

 Admiral Cornelius Fan Tromp, died in 1691. Under fftlliamlV,, 

 in 1747, and William V., in 1751, the stadtholdership was declared 

 hereditary. Of Dutch jurists, we can only mention Hugo Gro- 

 tius, who died in 1645; Ulrich Huber, who died in 1694; and 

 Zacharias Huber, in 1731. Of Dutch divines, Desiderius Erasmus, 

 died in 1536; James Arminiu's, in 1609; and John Drusius, in 

 1616. Of Dutch poets, Van der Loos, (or Douza), died in 1604; 

 Heinse, in 1655; Van Hooft, also a historian, died in 1647; Cats, 

 in 1660; Van der Goes, in 1687; Van der Vondel, in 1679; Rot- 

 gans, in 1710 ; Foot, in 1733 ; Van der Vliet, in 1780 ; and Nienw- 

 land, in 1794. 



Of Dutch mathematicians and natural philosophers, Ludolph Van 

 Ceulen, died in 1610 ; Gerard Mercator, in 1594 ; Nicolas Merca- 

 tor, in 1690; Simon Stevin, in 1635; and Christopher Huy gens, 

 in 1695. To this class belong also Albert Girard, and Zacharias Jan- 

 sen. Muschenbroek, flourished in 1720 ; and Leuwenhoek, died in 

 1723. The chemists and physicians, John Baptist van Helmont, 

 died in 1644 ; Francis Sylvius, in 1672 ; and Hermann Boerhaave, 

 in 1738. Of Dutch, including Flemish painters, Jean de Bruges, 

 (VanEyck], flourished in 1410; Peter Paul Rubens, died in 1640; 

 Anthony Vandyck, in. 1641; David Teniers, the elder, in 1649; 

 Paul Potter, in 1654; Francis Snyders, in 1657; and Paul Rem- 

 brandt, in 1668. Caspar Grayer died in 1669; James Jordaens, in 

 1678 ; Gerard Dow, (Douw), a pupil of Rembrandt, died in 1680 ; 

 and Albert Cuyp, (or Kuyp), flourished in 1690. 



Of Swiss patriots and warriors, William Tell, died in 1354 ; and 

 Walter Fiirst, Arnold of Melchthal, and Werner Stauffacher, were 

 his coadjutors, in achieving his country's independence. The brave 

 Arnold von Winkelried, fell in the battle of Sempach, in 1386. Aloys 

 Reding, and Hirzel of Zurich, were among the opponents of the 

 French, in the time of Bonaparte. Ulrich Zuinglius, (or Zwingli), 

 the Swiss reformer, fell in battle, in 1531. Of "Swiss scholars, we 

 would here mention, Hottinger, the philologist, who died in 1667; 

 Sulzer, the metaphysician, who died in 1779 ; Bonnet, also a na- 

 turalist, who died in 1793 ; Lavater, the physiognomist, who died 

 ia 1801 ; and Pestalozzi, the predagogist, who died in 1827. John 

 von Mailer, the historian, died in 1809 : John Charles Sismondi, 

 we believe, is still living. Solomon Gesner, (or Gessner), the poet, 

 died in 1788. Theophrastus Paracelsus, the alchemist, died in 

 1541 ; and Conrad Gesner, the naturalist, died in 1565. Albert von 

 Haller, the physician, died in 1777. Hans Holbein, the painter, died 

 in 1554 ; and Henry Fuseli, in 1825. Several Swiss writers, in the 

 French language, have been mentioned under French Biography. 



We shall commence German Biography, including Austrian and 



