378 IDIOPHYSICS. 



breathing. More full details of animal structure and functions, we 

 must reserve for the next department ; in which the study of the 

 human frame will be a clue to that of the inferior races. Of animal 

 intelligence, including instinct, or a natural spontaneous impulse to 

 perform certain actions, we can only say that it differs from the 

 human intellect, not so much in kind as in degree ; and that man's 

 sense of divine dependence and accountability are the strongest proofs 

 of his superior rank in the scale of existence, as the connecting link 

 between the creatures of earth and of heaven. 



In the arrangement of Cuvier and his coadjutors, animals are classed 

 under the four great divisions of Vertebrata, Mollusca, Articulata, 

 and Radiata. The Vertebrata, including quadrupeds, birds, reptiles, 

 and fishes, all have red blood, and a muscular heart, which acts as 

 a forcing pump to circulate the blood ; with distinct organs for seeing, 

 hearing, smelling and tasting, associated in the head or face ; with 

 distinct sexes, and never more than four limbs ; and with a skeleton, 

 or at least a spine, or back bone ; from the joints of which this divi- 

 sion of animals derives its name. They all have a stomach ; and all 

 have lungs, except the fishes, which have branchia3, or gills, in their 

 stead. The vertebrated animals, from their more perfect organiza- 

 tion, their higher importance in the economy of nature, and their 

 greater interest to mankind, will form the subject of the next four 

 sections, in this outline of Zoology. 



2. Mazology, treats of mammalia, or animals which nourish 

 their young at the breast ; including all quadrupeds, except reptiles ; 

 together with the whale, dolphin, and porpoise, or family of Cetacea, 

 the study of which is sometimes termed Cetology. The mammalia 

 are all viviparous; producing their young alive, and nourishing 

 them with milk. They have a double circulation of the blood ; 

 which passes from the heart to the lungs, and thence back to the 

 heart, before again pervading the system : but their respiration is 

 simple, that is, performed by the lungs only. They are divided into 

 orders ; characterized by the structure of their limbs, and by their 

 organs of manducation, or those which serve to tear and chew their 

 food, as the teeth and claws ; for on these parts their mode of life 

 chiefly depends. The first order, Bimana, is confined to the human 

 race ; characterized physically by having two hands, with thumbs 

 placed opposite to their fingers, for the purpose of seizing small 

 objects. Of the different races of men, or rather varieties of the 

 human race, (for they are not sufficiently distinct to form species), 

 we have already spoken under Physical Geography, (p. 164). 



The second order, Quadrumana, or animals having four hand- 

 like extremities, includes the whole race of monkeys ; among which 

 are the orang-outang, the gibbon, baboon, magot, mandrel, ouistiti, 

 and lemur. The third order, Carnaria, or flesh eating animals, 

 comprises the families Cheiroptera, the bat and vampyre ; Insectivora, 

 the hedgehog, shrew and mole ; and Carnivora, including the bear, 

 raccoon, badger and glutton; the weasel, marten, skunk, and otter; 

 the dog, wolf, fox, and hyaena; the lion, tiger, leopard, lynx, and 

 cat ; and the seal, morse, and walrus. The fourth order, Marsu- 

 piala, or pouched animals, comprises the opossum, phalanger, kan- 



