ZOOLOGY. 379 



guroo, and wombat : the fifth order, Rodentia, or gnawing animals, 

 includes the squirrel, rat, mouse, marmot, jerboa, beaver, porcupine, 

 and hare : and the sixth order, Edentata, or quadrupeds without 

 front teeth, includes the sloth, the extinct megatherium, or megalonyx ; 

 the armadillo and anteater. The seventh order, P achy dermal a, or 

 thick skinned animals, comprises the elephant, the extinct mastodon, 

 the hippopotamus, rhinoceros, tapir, and swine ; the extinct anopio- 

 therium, and palaeotherium, and the horse : and the eighth order, 

 Ruminantia, or animals which chew the cud, includes the camel, 

 lama, deer, giraffe, antelope, goat, sheep, and ox. The ninth order, 

 Cetacea, or the whale tribe, includes the manatus or sea cow, the 

 dolphin, porpoise, and whale. 



3. Ornithology, is that division of Zoology which treats of 

 birds. They are vertebrated animals ; oviparous, or producing eggs, 

 with double systems of circulation and respiration; with a feathery 

 or downy covering, long naked jaws or beak, two feet, and two 

 wings formed for flying. They are divided into orders, according to 

 the structure of the beak and feet, as indicating their mode of living. 

 The first order, jlccipitres, or birds of prey, comprehends the vul- 

 tures, among which is the condor ; and the falcons, among which are 

 the eagle, goshawk, kite, and buzzard ; together with the distinct 

 family of the owls. The second order, Passerine, or sparrowlike 

 birds, comprises the Dentirostres, or the shrike, fly catcher, thrush, 

 mocking bird, oriole, nightingale, wren, and meadow lark ; the Fis- 

 sirostres, or swallow and whip-poor-will ; the Conirostres, or the lark, 

 sparrow, finch, linnet, starling, crow, rook, pie, and jay ; the Tenui- 

 rostres, or the humming bird and hoopoe ; and the Syndactiles, or 

 the kingfisher and hornbill. The third order, Scansores, or climbers, 

 includes the woodpecker, cuckoo, toucan, and parrot : and the fourth 

 order, Gallinacese, or fowl-like birds, includes the hocco, peacock, 

 turkey, pheasant, domestic fowl, grouse, partridge, quail, pigeon, and 

 dove. The fifth order, Grallatorise, or stilted birds, includes the 

 Brevipennes, or ostrich and cassowary ; the Pressirostres or bustard, 

 plover, and lapwing: the Cultirostres, or crane, boatbill, heron, bit- 

 tern, stork, pelican, and spoonbill ; the Longirostres, or ibis, curlew, 

 snipe, woodcock, sandpiper, ruff, and avoset ; and the Macrodactyles, 

 or the rail, coot, water hen, sheathbill, and flamingo. The sixth 

 order, Palmipedes, or webfooted birds, includes the Brachypteres, or 

 diver, pufHn, and penguin ; the Longipennes, or the petrel, albatross, 

 gull, tern, and skimmer; the Totipalmes, or the pelican, cormorant, 

 and booby ; and the Lamellirostres, as the swan, goose, duck, and 

 merganser. 



4. Herpetology, treats of amphibia or reptiles, such as the tor- 

 toise, lizard, serpent, and frog. The study of serpents is also termed 

 Ophiology. Reptiles, are cold, red blooded animals, oviparous, 

 producing eggs with soft shells, which hatch spontaneously ; and 

 they are called amphibia, because most of them. can live a long time 

 under water, as well as on land ; and some of them can live entirely 

 without air for a long time. They have a heart with but one ventri- 

 cle, producing only a single circulation ; and their lungs receive only 

 a part of the blood which enters the heart : hence their respiration 



