HORTICULTURE. 467 



ed in the charters of convents, granted in the twelfth and following 

 centuries. The cultivation of vegetables was much patronized by 

 Henry VIII. ; prior to whose reign, cabbages, and other kitchen 

 vegetables, were imported in large quantities from Holland. The 

 early work of Fitzherbert, on Husbandry, already alluded to, ex- 

 tended, also to gardening; and it was succeeded, in the reign of 

 Queen Elizabeth, by the Gardener's Labyrinth, and other Horticul- 

 tural works. The first hot houses, and ice houses, in England, are 

 said to have been built by Charles II. ; who introduced the French 

 style of horticulture, in his royal gardens. Evelyn's Complete Gar- 

 dener, published in 1693, has acquired great celebrity ; and become 

 the basis of more modern works. In our own country, the beauti- 

 ful garden laid out by John Bartram, about the year 1720, on the 

 banks of the Schuylkill, below Philadelphia, deserves particular 

 mention, as containing a large proportion of all the forest trees of 

 North America. 



We proceed to treat briefly of Horticulture, under the heads of 

 Landscape Gardening ; Kitchen and Table Gardening ; and Botanical 

 Gardening ; the latter relating to shrubs, flowers, and medicinal plants. 



1. Under the head of Landscape Gardening, we include the 

 laying out of gardens and pleasure grounds : the planting of shade 

 trees ; and the construction of fountains, green houses, and hot 

 houses ; with the erection of statues, arbors, grottoes, and other 

 similar ornamental structures. In selecting the location of a garden, 

 a southern exposure should be chosen, inclining to the east rather 

 than to the west ; of fertile soil, and neither too moist nor too dry. 

 It should be properly enclosed ; and the walls or fences concealed 

 or covered, at least in part, by shrubbery. If the ground be suffi- 

 ciently extensive for plantations of trees, they should be distributed 

 in groups, rather than formal rows ; and in the higher as well as the 

 lower parts of the garden. The walks, should be gravelled, or other- 

 wise prepared ; and they should be, for the most part curved, rather 

 than straight : waving or variable curves being more beautiful than 

 the circle or circular arcs. If there be any striking ornaments, as 

 summer houses, arches, or fine prospects, the walks should be so 

 arranged as to make them prominent in the view. 



All gardens require to be well provided with water. In small es- 

 tablishments this may be supplied from the farm or family well: but 

 large gardens require a greater supply, which may be rendered orna- 

 mental, as well as useful, by the construction of a fountain. Jetteaux, 

 or jets, of water thrown upward into the air, are produced by pressure ; 

 the water flowing through a small orifice, from some higher source : 

 and the water may cither fall into a basin, or be allowed to flow away 

 and disperse itself in the ground. All large gardens are provided 

 with green-houses, with roofs chiefly of glass, for sheltering the less 

 hardy plants, which are protected from frost, if necessary, by artificial 

 heat ; and hot houses, similar to green houses in their construction, 

 but provided with furnaces, or heated by steam, and kept always at 

 a higher temperature, for the growth of the most delicate plants, 

 which are natives of a tropical clime. The smaller plants are usually 

 placed in pots, and arranged on shelves, rising one above another, so 



