PAINTING. 523 



works of Michael Angelo, and Leonardo da Vinci. It was charac- 

 terized by the gravity of its subjects ; and by correctness of design, 

 and boldness of composition and coloring. The Roman School, 

 rose and flourished with Raphael ; and breathed its last with Maratti, 

 who repaired Raphael's fading pictures. This school was remarkable 

 for gracefulness of design, and chaste, harmonious coloring. Sal- 

 vator Rosa of Naples, and Carlo Dolci, who painted at Florence, 

 belong, as regards their style, to the Roman School ; though the 

 latter is usually numbered with the Florentines. The Venetian 

 School, famed in the works of Giorgione, Titian, Paul Veronese, 

 and Tintoretto, was characterized by simplicity of design, but rich- 

 ness, if not gorgeousness of coloring. The Lombard School, was 

 of later origin, and numbered among its masters, Correggio, the 

 Carracci, Guido, and Domenichino. It was generally distinguished 

 by harmony, grace, and expression ; but its style was less settled 

 than that of the preceding schools. Caravaggio, is, by some, regarded 

 as the founder of another school, termed the natural ; as he professed 

 to imitate nature, without regard to ancient art. 



The use of oil, for mixing and applying colors, was unknown to 

 the ancient painters ; and its invention has been attributed to John 

 Van Eyck, or John of Bruges, in Flanders, about A. D. 1410; 

 though some writers claim the honor for the city of Venice. The 

 Flemish School of painting, is renowned in the works of Rubens 

 and Vandyke ; which are remarkable for their accuracy in details, 

 and the minuteness with which they are finished ; as well as for 

 richness of coloring, and freedom of design. The Dutch School, 

 though it may boast of a Rembrandt, is generally inferior to the 

 Flemish : but the German School, as illustrated by Martin Schoen, 

 Hans Holbein, and Albert Durer, is more original and wild ; being 

 founded on Gothic taste, but combining Flemish accuracy with 

 Italian coloring. Of French painters, we may name Cousin as 

 the earliest, and Poussin as probably the greatest. Claude Lor- 

 raine was born in France, but spent his life chiefly in Italy, and is 

 usually classed with the Lombard school. England also can boast 

 of her Hogarth and Reynolds ; Scotland of her Wilkie ; and our 

 own country may name her Copley, Stuart, and West; without re- 

 ferring to living artists of deserved celebrity. A few of the more 

 celebrated paintings will be named at the close of the present chapter 



Our remaining remarks on this art, will be comprehended under 

 the heads of Drawing ; Shading ; Coloring ; and Pinacography, or 

 Descriptions of remarkable Pictures. 



1. The art of Drawing, consists in the representation of the 

 outlines of objects ; and depends upon the principles of Descriptive 

 Geometry, (p. 331.) We here resume the subject of Scenographic 

 Drawing, or Perspective ; of which a correct idea may be formed 

 by looking through a window, and observing the relative positions, 

 on the glass, at which the different external objects appear. The 

 glass corresponds to the perspective plane, or surface of the drawing; 

 the position of the eye is called the point of view ; and lines drawn 

 from the eye to the various points of the original or external objects, 

 are called visual rays ; which, by their intersections with the glass, 



