THE TOPOGRAPHICAL SURVEY 27 



the checkerboard layout can be indicated ; as, C-4, which is 

 a corner 400 feet from the main base-line and 200 feet from 

 the auxiliary base-line. Also any point whatever on the 

 tract can be designated, as, C +49.3 -4 +51. 6. If the 

 tract is a square one, it will frequently be well to have 

 monumented cross-section lines on the four sides. If 

 of irregular shape, well-monumented lines may be located 

 at various distances apart, such as 1000 feet, where they are 

 not apt to be disturbed or covered up by excavation or 

 embankment. 



In addition to the permanent cross-section lines, all 

 other cross-section lines are also staked out by stakes 

 about 1| or 2 inches square. These stakes are allowed 

 to project from the ground 6 or 8 niches and are marked 

 with lumberman's chalk. The letter designation is marked 

 on one face and the number designation on a face at right 

 angles to it. The markings are so placed that if a person 

 walked from the beginning of a cross-section line the dis- 

 tances out would be visible on the face of the stake directly 

 in front of him. 



After the cross-section lines are all staked out, the level 

 parties begin their operations, which consist in obtaining 

 the elevation of the ground at every stake to the nearest 

 tenth of a foot. All changes in grade should also be de- 

 termined. All topographical features must be located, 

 such as streets, buildings, water courses and trees; also 

 all sewers, water pipes, gas pipes and wire conduits. In 

 locating the trees, each tree should be tagged with a copper 

 tag \ inch by 1 inch with a number stamped upon it. The 

 diameter, kind and spread of each tree should also be 

 determined. This information is very important to the 

 landscape architect. If the trees are very close together, 

 as they frequently are in the woods, instead of attempting 



