WATER PIPES AND FIXTURES 61 



Cement steps should be finished rough with crushed 

 quartz or coarse sharp sand. 



A very attractive flight of sod steps was shown to the 

 author by Mr. G. A. Parker, Superintendent of Parks, at 

 Hartford, Conn. To prevent the breaking down of the 

 edges, a scantling was placed at the face of the tread and 

 supported as shown in the illustration, Fig. 20, page 59. 



The grading above a flight of steps should be of such a 

 character that no water will reach the steps. This end is 

 best attained by use of grass gutters. 



WATER PIPES AND FIXTURES 



All pipes above 3 inches should be of cast iron. The 

 smaller sizes, ij-inch, 2-inch and 3-inch, are of galvanized 

 wrought iron. Most of the pipes in a park system are 

 of the smaller sizes. Much expense can be saved by 

 laying the pipes hi shallow ditches, say 3 feet deep. This 

 can be done only when no water is needed in the winter 

 time. If pipes are laid in shallow trenches it is imperative 

 that they be laid to grade, and that all low points be pro- 

 vided with blow-offs into an adjacent sewer. If no sewer 

 is low enough, part of the system will have to be laid at a 

 depth of at least 5 feet in places whose climate is like that 

 of New York City. 



Water pipes supplying buildings must always be laid 

 at a sufficient depth to prevent freezing in the winter time. 



Dead ends should be avoided as much as possible. The 

 usual gridiron system should be followed. 



The hydrants used, with the exception of a few fire 

 hydrants required, are of the lawn pattern. The ordinary 

 lawn hydrant does not project above the ground. It is 

 provided with hose connection and is opened by a short 

 key about 3 inches in length. Occasionally water cranes 



