PEAR GROWING IN CALIFORNIA. 403 



is desired; 200 divided by 15 equals 13J, minus 3 equals 10 J; this 

 amount of water added to 3 gallons of stock solution will give the 

 15 per cent emulsion. 



No. 5. Distillate Emulsion.* 



Distillate (28 Baume) . 20 gallons 



Whale oil soap 30 pounds 



Water to mix 12 gallons 



Preparation. 



Dissolve the whale-oil soap in the water, heating it to the boiling 

 point; add the distillate and agitate thoroughly while the solution is 

 hot. For use add from 10 to 20 gallons of water to each gallon of the 

 above mixture. 



No. 6. Crude Oil Emulsion.* 



Water 175 gallons 



Liquid soap ^ 3 gallons 



Crude oil , 25 gallons 



Preparation. 



Pill the spray tank with the 175 gallons of water ; add the liquid 

 soap ; agitate thoroughly for one minute, after which add the crude oil, 

 continuing the agitation. 



If the liquid soap can not be had, use 20 pounds whale-oil soap, dis- 

 solved in 10 gallons of boiling water, to which 3 pounds of lye have 

 been added. 



No. 7. Miscible Oil. 



The so-called miscible oil sprays are becoming very popular for use 

 in deciduous orchards that are infested with scale insects, leaf roller, 

 etc. Practically all insecticide companies handle miscible oils, which 

 are generally diluted with 10 parts of water for dormant use. When 

 properly made the emulsion which results after mixing with water is 

 milk-like, there being practically no separation of the oil from the 

 ingredients of the emulsion. If the milk-like consistency is not present 

 after mixing, it is usually because of hard water, in which case it is 

 necessary to use lye (caustic soda) in order to soften the water. 



No. 8. Sulphur (Sublimed, Atomic, Milled, Soluble, etc.). 



As an insecticide and fungicide sulphur is quite generally used in 

 one form or another. In the case of pear trees it may be used for mites 

 as it is the standard remedy for these pests. Frequently the sublimed 

 sulphur is dusted upon infested trees and, when weather conditions are 

 right, with good results. Any of the forms known as atomic, milled, 

 or soluble suphur can be used with splendid results. These are con- 

 veniently mixed with water and, generally speaking, are preferable to 

 sublimed sulphur. 



No. 9. Whale-Oil Soap (Fish Oils). 



This soap is often used in combination with nicotine sprays, to 

 increase their penetration and spreading qualities. Alone as a spray 



*Copied from "Injurious and Beneficial Insects of California," by E. O Essigr. 



185 



