PARENTAGE. 41 



striated to that view. Any other application of it leads 

 to confusion of thought. 



3. There is nothing new in the modern doctrine of 

 Evolution. Among the Greeks, Leucippus, Democritus, 

 and Epicurus taught that all forms and phenomena came 

 from the spontaneous motions of atoms, and this view, 

 in all probability, was a product of older Indian pan- 

 theism. 



Modern upholders of transmutation differ from each 

 other greatly in the details of the theory. Some are 

 atheistic, or agnostic, leaving the Creator entirely out of 

 view. Among these, some teach, like Lamark, the self- 

 elevation of species by appetency, or desire, use, and 

 effort. Others, as Darwin, Haeckel, and many late writ- 

 ers, teach what is called natural selection with spontane- 

 ous variability, or the survival of the fittest. Others 

 again, as Draper and Spencer, teach modification of 

 species by the surrounding conditions. Some evolution- 

 ists are deistic, like Owen and Mivart, and teach a pre- 

 ordained succession, under internal force or innate 

 tendency ; or, as Morell and Murphy argue, evolution 

 by unconscious intelligence. In opposition to these 

 views the majority of naturalists of this and the past age 

 hold to the doctrine of parentage, and deny the change 

 or transmutation of species, although admitting a cer- 

 tain amount of physical variability, producing races or 

 varieties. Among these may be named Linnaeus, Cuvier, 

 Agassiz, Dana, Guyot, M'Cosh, Balfour, Dawson, Milne, 

 Edwards, and Seelye. 



4. The acknowledged ability of Agassiz in regard to 



all matters connected with natural science entitle his 



'4* 



