44 THE SCIENCE OF LIFE. 



claims that the geologic record is defective, and that 

 when it is better known it will exhibit these forms. But 

 among more than 30,000 species, many of them repre- 

 sented by thousands of individuals, some of the interme- 

 diate forms would occur, if any ever existed. Professor 

 Pfaff has shown the improbability of the terminal links 

 only of the chain being preserved by applying the calcu- 

 lus of probabilities. If 100 individuals of each species 

 have been found, and 10 intermediate varieties existed, 

 (a smaller number than Darwin claims,) the probability 

 against the exclusive appearance of distinct species is as 

 1:10!, (i:i with 100 ciphers annexed.*) Professor 

 Marsh claims to have discovered apparently intermedi- 

 ate forms between the Palaeotherium and the horse, but 

 the proof that the Palaeotherium, or the bones referred 

 to, belonged to the progenitors of the horse has not 

 been shown, any more than the juxtaposition of bones 

 of the horse, the zebra, and the ass, would prove them 

 to be derived from each other. If it were proven, al- 

 though it would show great variability in that species, it 

 would not establish transmutation. 



7. Geology shows that some of the first forms of life 

 are also the latest, as the corals. If transmutation be 

 true, in the struggle for existence they should have 

 disappeared by being changed into something higher. 

 That they have not makes against Evolution. 



8. Believers in transmutation claim that all living came 

 into existence by the gradual modification of a primitive 

 germ, and they find plausibility for this in the develop- 

 ment of a single bioplast into the various tissues of an 



* Johnson's " Cyclopedia, Art. Darwinism." 



