64 THE SCIENCE OF LIFE. 



often form microscopic objects of great beauty. (Fig. 



FIG. 19. Various forms of vegetable hairs. 



The poet Goethe first clearly showed that the various 

 parts of the plant, from the seed to the blossom, are but 

 modifications of the leaf. All the parts of a flower, 

 calyx, corolla, stamens, and pistil, are only leaves adapt- 

 ed for 'peculiar functions. They were not originally 

 leaves, and afterward transformed, but they are formed 

 of the same elements, and arranged upon the same plan, 

 and in the changes which they undergo and the relation 

 they bear to each other, they follow the same laws as 

 leaves do. 



. All leaves are arranged upon the stem after two 

 leading patterns the whorl and the spiral ; but as by 

 teasing out the whorl we get the spiral, and by com- 

 pressing the spiral we get the whorl, we may regard 

 them as essentially the same. 



14. In the animal kingdom, with the exception of 



