ARTICULATA. 237 



The pupa of Butterflies is unprotected, and is generally 

 suspended by a silken thread. The pupa-case is gen- 

 erally ornamented with golden spots, hence the com- 

 mon name, chrysalis. The pupa of Moths is inclosed 

 in cocoons. 



Order 7. Hymenoptera, (hymen, membrane; pteron^ 

 wing,) includes Bees, (Fig. 138,) Wasps, Ichneumons, 

 Saw-flies, and Ants. The mouth is fitted for both biting 

 and suction ; the legs are for locomotion as well as sup- 

 port ; and the four membraneous wings are equally trans- 

 parent, and interlock by small hooks during flight. The 

 females are usually provided with a sting, or borer. The 

 larvae are footless, helpless grubs, generally nurtured in 

 cells, or nests. 



The colony of Bees is formed of the perfect female, 

 called the " Queen-bee," many perfect males, or drones, 

 and a swarm of sexless bees, the neuters, or workers. 

 The drones and the neuters are produced by partheno- 

 genesis. (Chap. Ill, Sec. 16.) 



The "vespiary" of the Wasps, like the hive of the 

 Honey-bee, contains males, females, and neuters ; but 

 the perfect males work equally with the neuters. 



Ants (Formicidce) also form colonies, and the observa- 

 tions made upon many species show a wonderful amount 

 of intelligence in these creatures. In many ant-colonies 

 the neuters consist of two classes " the workers," who 

 do all the building and storing of the little town, and 

 " the soldiers," who defend the works. Their treatment 

 of Plant-lice, or Aphides keeping them, and milking 

 them as men do cows their slave-capturing expeditions, 

 and the recently-discovered agricultural ant-colonies, 



