SCIENCE AND REVOLUTION 



pation may coincide with the struggle for emanci- 

 pation from religion, as it did during a certain 

 period of the French revolution. But so long as 

 the bourgeoisie is the ruling class, this can occur 

 only by antagonizing the conditions of its own 

 existence, and must, therefore, result sooner or 

 later in a rehabilitation of religion. 



Marx was incidentally led to a searching criti- 

 cism of the natural rights doctrine and found 

 that the so-called inalienable human rights were 

 nothing but an expression of bourgeois individ- 

 uality resting on an advocacy of private property 

 and individualism. " Not until the real indi- 

 vidual man discards the abstract citizen of the 

 state and realizes that he, as an individual, in his 

 actual life, his individual work, his individual 

 relations, is a generic being, not until man has 

 organized his individual powers into social pow- 

 ers, will human emancipation be accomplished." 



It was this identical conclusion at which Fried- 

 rich Engels had likewise arrived in the meantime, 

 and which he expressed in these words, in a pre- 

 liminary critique of political economy : " Pro- 

 duce consciously, as human beings, not as separate 

 atoms without any generic consciousness, and you 

 will have overcome all artificial and untenable 

 contradictions ! " And with almost the same 



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