SCIENCE AND THE WORKING CLASS 



rooted in those material conditions of life which 

 Hegel, following the example of the English and 

 French of the i8th century, comprises under the 

 name of bourgeois society; that, on the other 

 hand, the anatomy of bourgeois society must be 

 sought in political economy." This led him to 

 the logical conclusion that " the mode of produc- 

 tion of the material requirements of life deter- 

 mines the general character of the social, political 

 and spiritual processes of life. It is not the 

 consciousness of men that determines their exist- 

 ence, but, on the contrary, their social existence 

 determines their consciousness. At a certain 

 stage of their development, the material forces 

 of production in society come in conflict with 

 the existing relations of production, or, what is 

 but a legal expression for the same thing, with 

 the property relations within which they had 

 been at work heretofore. From forms of devel- 

 opment of the forces of production, these relations 

 turn into their fetters. Then follows a period 

 of social revolution." 



These are the terms in which Marx formulated 

 his conception of history in his introduction to 

 his " Critique of Political Economy," published in 

 1859. But when he met Engels in 1845 f r the 

 purpose of permanent association with him, he 



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