THE OFFSPRING OF SCIENCE 



Man." But this work was indirectly a proof of 

 the untenability of the vitalist metaphysics. In 

 spite of the dogged resistance of the old theories, 

 the cell and protoplasm made themselves at home 

 in the studies of bourgeois scientists, and pro- 

 duced in Virchow's " Cellular Pathology " a. new 

 departure in the study and treatment of diseases. 



This was the time of physiological anatomy, 

 and the work of Miiller, Briicke, Helmholtz, du 

 Bois-Reymond, and Ludwig in Germany, and of 

 Claude Bernard in France, became the basis on 

 which their pupils in those two countries, and in 

 England, America, Denmark, Sweden, Italy and 

 Japan, built up the structure of modern phys- 

 iology. In the course of this development, labo- 

 ratories became a part of every well-equipped 

 school and university. 



Chemistry soon took part in this revolution and 

 began to reproduce, by simple laboratory methods, 

 many of the compounds which had been regarded 

 as special products of a supernatural vital energy. 

 Berthelot emphasized the growth of the tendency 

 toward a uniform scientific method of research 

 by declaring in his " Mechanique Chimique," that 

 he intended to " introduce into the entire chem- 

 istry the same mechanical principles which al- 



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