SCIENCE AND REVOLUTION 



positive. Romanes, Haeckel, and Jacques Loeb 

 accumulated superabundant proofs for the physi- 

 ological nature of the " soul " and the funda- 

 mental unity of the " soul " life of all organisms. 

 The line of demarcation was gradually wiped 

 out between mankind, animals, and plants, also 

 in psychology. 



Romanes, in his " Mental Evolution of Ani- 

 mals and Man," pictured the growth of the 

 " soul " from primitive beginnings to its present 

 superb organization in the brain and nerve sys- 

 tem of man. Haeckel in his " Soul Cells and 

 Cell-Souls," demonstrated that the fundamental 

 conditions of " soul " life were contained in every 

 cell, whether it was a human, animal, or plant 

 cell. And Loeb showed convincingly that so- 

 called intelligent or instinctive action does not 

 depend on a supernatural, or even natural, cen- 

 ter of orientation or control, but on chemical 

 and physical interactions between the environ- 

 ment and the individual. The attraction toward 

 the earth (geotropism), toward the light (helio- 

 tropism), toward solid bodies (stereotropism), 

 and similar movements, in connection with elec- 

 tricity, magnetism, radiation, and chemico-phys- 

 ical changes in the organism, explained all the 

 intricate " soul " processes formerly attributed 



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