SCIENCE AND REVOLUTION 



in the last quarter of the iQth century. Carrara, 

 Pessina, and even Lombroso, strove vainly to 

 overcome bourgeois environment by radical bour- 

 geois criminology. They did not get farther 

 away from medieval methods and mass em- 

 prisonment than an imitation of the American 

 system of solitary confinement would permit, with 

 its corollary of sham justice. And they gave up 

 in despair the attempt to find the dividing line 

 between conscious and unconscious action, be- 

 tween completed and incompleted crime. It was 

 not until Lombroso's disciple, Enrico Ferri, 

 found his way into the field of historical ma- 

 terialism and socialism, that the positive school 

 of criminology was enabled to teach a monistic 

 and evolutionary solution for the vexed question 

 of social crime, by demanding the social preven- 

 tion of crime instead of police repression. But 

 Ferri does not indulge in any illusions as to the 

 revolutionary role which the bourgeoisie may 

 play in this question. He understands that the 

 evolution into socialism is the only means of real- 

 izing his demand. His " Socialism and Crim- 

 inality " and " Socialism and Modern Science " 

 are gems of dialectic and monistic materialism. 



It is a significant fact that not one of the 

 numerous textbooks on psychology written by 



148 



