IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 59 



tough and compact, used for cogs of wheels and any purpose 

 where extreme hardness is required, such as yokes, etc. (Robb) . 

 It is often speckled and somewhat curled, thus fitted for 

 superior furniture (Simmons) . 



Carpinus Betulus, Linne. 



The Hornbeam. A tree 80 feet high. Middle and South 

 Europe. Wood pale, of a horny toughness and hardness, close- 

 grained, but not elastic. It furnishes a good coal for gun- 

 powder. This tree would serve to arrest the progress of bush 

 fires, if planted in copses or hedges like willows and poplars 

 around forest plantations. Four species occur in Japan : C. 

 cordata, C. erosa, C. laxiflora, C. japonica (Blume). Carpinus 

 viminea (Wallich) is a species with durable wood from the 

 middle regions of Nepal. 



Carthamus tinctorius, Linne. 



From Egypt to India. The Safflower. A tall annual, rather 

 handsome herb. The florets produce yellow, rosy ponceau, 

 and other red shades of dye, according to various admix- 

 tures. Pigment principles : carthamin and carthamus yellow. 

 For domestic purposes it yields a dye ready at hand from any 

 garden. In India the Carthamus is also cultivated for the 

 sake of the oil which can be pressed from the seeds. 



Carum Ajowan, Bentham. (PtycJiotis Ajowan, Candolle.) 



India. The fruits of this annual herb form an excellent 

 culinary condiment with the flavour of thyme. Its peculiar 

 oil is accompanied by cymol and thymol. 



Carum Bulboeastanum, Koch. 



Middle and South Europe, North Africa, Middle Asia, on 

 limestone soil. The tuberous roots serve as a culinary vege- 

 table, the fruits as a condiment. 



Carum Capense, Sonder. 



South Africa, where the edible, somewhat aromatic root is 

 called Fenkelwortel. 



Carum Carui, Linne. 



The Caraway-Plant. Perennial. Europe, North and Middle 

 Asia. It might be naturalised on our Alps and also along 

 our sea-shores. The Caraway oil is accompanied by two 

 chemical principles : carven and carvol. 



