IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 135 



Black Ash (F. sambucifolia, Lam.), and the Carolina Ash (F. 

 platycarpa, Mich.) are of smaller size. 



Fraxinus Chinensis, Roxburgh. 



It is this Ash on which a peculiar wax is produced by Coccus 

 Pela, perhaps also on some species of Ligustrum. About 

 40,000 Ibs. are exported annually according to Mr. Bernardini. 



Fraxinus excelsior, Linne. 



The ordinary Ash of Europe and West Asia. Height 80 feet, 

 of comparatively quick growth, known to attain an age of 

 nearly 200 years. Rich soil on forest rivulets or river banks 

 suits it best ; but it thrives still on moist sand ; wood remarkably 

 tough and elastic, used for agricultural and other implements, 

 for oars, axletrees, and many other purposes. Six peculiar 

 kinds of Ash trees occur in Japan, some also in the Indian 

 highlands ; all might be tried. 



Fraxinus floribunda, Don. 



Nepal Ash, 40 feet high. Himalaya, between 5,000 and 

 11,000 feet. It attains a height of 120 feet, and serves as 

 a fine avenue tree; girth of stem sometimes 15 feet. The 

 wood much sought for oars, ploughs, and various implements 

 (Stewart and Brandis) . For forest plantations Ashes are best 

 mixed with Beeches and some other trees. 



Fraxinus Oregana, Nuttall. 



California and Oregon Ash. A tree up to 80 feet in 

 height, preferring low-lying alluvial lands. The wood of this 

 fine species is nearly white, tough and durable, often used for 

 oars and handles of implements. Though allied to F. sam- 

 bucifolia, it is very superior as a timber tree. Ash trees will 

 grow readily in the shade of other trees. 



Fraxinus Ornus, Linne. * 



The Manna Ash of the Mediterranean regions. Height about 

 30 feet. It yields the medicinal manna. F. ornus is well 

 adapted for a promenade tree, and is earlier in foliage than 

 F. excelsior, F. Americana, and most other Ash trees. 



Fraxinus quadrangulata, Michaux.* 



The Blue Ash of North America. One of the tallest of the 

 Ashes, 70 feet high, with an excellent timber, better than that 

 of any other American Ash trees except the White Ash, hence 

 frequently in use for flooring and shingles. The inner bark 



