IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 217 



narcein, narcotin, opianin, papaverin, porphyroxin, xantho- 

 pin, meconidin, codamin, laudanin, pseudo-morphin, and 

 thebain. In contains, besides, an indifferent bitter principle : 

 meconin and meconic acid (vide " Wittstein's Chemische 

 Analyse von Pflanzentheilen," my edit., p. 163). Various 

 species of Papaver produce more or less opium and morphia. 



Pappea Capensis, Ecklon and Zeyher. 



South Africa. The fruit of this tree is of the size of a cherry, 

 savoury and edible. 



Pappophorum commune, F. v. Mueller. 



Widely dispersed over the continent of Australia, also in 

 some parts of Asia and Africa. Perennial ; regarded as a 

 very fattening pasture grass, and available for arid localities. 



Parinarium Nonda, F. v. Mueller. 



The Nonda Tree of North-East Australia. It may prove 

 hardy in temperate climes, and may live perhaps in the dry 

 and hot air of deserts, where it deserves trial culture for 

 the sake of its edible, mealy, plum-like fruit. A few other 

 species with esculent drupes occur in different tropical 

 countries. 



Parkinsonia aculeata, Linne. 



From California to Monte Video. A thorny shrub, clearly 

 adapted for the warmer temperate zone, where it might be 

 utilised with the following plant for evergreen hedges. The 

 flowers are handsome. 



Parkinsonia Africana, Sender. 



South Africa. A tall bush. A third species, P. microphylla, 

 Torr., occurs on the Colorado. 



Parrotia Jacquemontiana, Decaisne, 



North-Western Himalayas, from about 3,000 to 8,500 feet 

 elevation. This deciduous-leaved small tree merits attention. 

 Its tough and pliable twigs are used for basket-work and 

 preferentially for the twig bridges, the latter up to 300 feet 

 long ; hence this tree could be used for a variety of economic 

 purposes (Stewart and Brandis) . P. Persica (C. A. Meyer) 

 occurs on the Caspian Sea. 



Parthenium integrifoliiim, Linne. 



North America. The flowering tops of this perennial bitter 

 herb have come into use as a febrifuge (Houlton). 



