IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 243 



Pinus picea, Du Roi.* (P. Abies, Linne.) 



Norway Spruce, Fichte. Middle and Northern Europe and 

 Northern Asia, rising from the plains to an elevation of 4,500 

 feet, and forming extensive forests. It exceeds even the Birch 

 in endurance of cold. Adapted to most kinds of soil. The 

 tree attains a height of 150 feet or even more, and furnishes 

 an excellent timber for building and furniture, for masts, spars, 

 ladders, oars, &c., commonly known under the name of White 

 Deal. It also produces the Burgundy Pitch in quantity, 

 while the bark is used for tanning. Though enduring dry 

 summers, this Spruce would have to be restricted for timber 

 purposes to the damp mountains. 



Pinus Pinaster, Bolander.* 



Cluster Pine. On the shores of the Mediterranean. This 

 tree is of quick growth, and rises up to 60 feet in height. 

 The wood is soft and resinous ; it yields largely the French 

 turpentine. Among the best Pines for consolidation of sandy 

 coast-land, and converting rolling sands into pasture and 

 agricultural land. For ease of rearing and rapidity of growth, 

 one of the most important of all Pines. On the testimony of 

 Mr. J. Hoopes it does not thrive well on calcareous soil. W. 

 J. Winter observed that P. Pinaster and the allied P. pinea 

 can withstand a shade temperature of 118 F. A tree 60 to 

 70 years old, heavily tapped, yields 12 to 161bs. of turpentine, 

 equal to about 4 Ibs. of resin and the rest oil of turpentine (Sim- 

 monds) . The tree comes into full flow of turpentine at about 

 25 years, and the tapping process, if only a slight one, is 

 endured by this Pine for an enormous length of time. The 

 annual production of resin from a good tree fluctuates 

 between 5 and 8 Ibs., if moderately tapped. The quantity of 

 resin gathered in France during 1874 was about sixty million 

 pounds (Crouzetter-Desnoyers) . 



Pinus Pincaena, Gordon. 



Mexico, up to 9,000 feet above sea-level. A very remarkable 

 Pine, having drooping branches like the Weeping Willow, 

 60 feet high. Most desirable for cemeteries. 



Pinus Pindrow, Royle. 



In great abundance on the spurs of the Himalaya Mountains, 

 8,000 to 12,000 feet above the sea-level. A fine, straight- 

 stemmed tree, 100 feet high; cones purple. 



Pinus Pinea, Linne.* 



Stone Pine. Frequent in the countries bordering on the 



