270 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE 



to 10,000 feet. Height up to 100 feet; crown very shady, 

 lopped for sheep fodder. The hard, heavy, and durable wood 

 much used for building purposes and implements (Madden) . 



Quercus falcata, Michaux. 



North America.?" A tree attaining a height of 80 feet, with 

 a stem 4 feet in diameter. Foliage deciduous. It lives in dry 

 sandy ground, and can also be utilised for sea-coasts. Pro- 

 duces an excellent tanners' bark and also galls for superior ink. 



Quercus Garyana, Douglas. 



North- West America, along the coast between the 38th and 

 50th degrees. A gigantic tree, 100 feet high or more, with a 

 stem 6 feet in diameter. This, with Q. Douglasii (Hook, and 

 Arn.) and Q. lobata, passes as Californian White Oak. The 

 timber is remarkably pale for an Oak, hard and fine-gained, of 

 great strength and durability, well suited for almost every 

 kind of construction for which the White or the European Oak 

 is employed. The acorns, being sweet and agreeable, form an 

 excellent mast for hogs. 



Quercus glauca, Thunberg. 



The Kashi of Japan. A large and truly magnificent evergreen 

 tree, 80 feet high. The hard and close-grained wood is chosen 

 there for select tools, particularly planes and utensils (Christy) . 



Quercus Ilex, Linne. 



The Holly Oak of South Europe ; extending also to Algeria 

 and to the Himalayas, which it ascends up to about 10,000 

 feet. Height of tree 50 feet. Wood in use for ship-build- 

 ing, bark for tanning. From varieties of this tree are' obtained 

 the sweet and nourishing Ballota and Chestnut acorns. 



Quercus incana, Roxburgh. 



Himalayas, at elevations between 3,000 and 8,000 feet. A 

 beautiful evergreen, tree of great dimensions. Mr. Simmonds 

 reminds us that a silkworm (Antheraea Koylei), producing 

 large cocoons, lives on this Oak. In its native localities Q. 

 laiiuginosa (D. Don) is associated with it. Q. lamellosa 

 (Smith), of the same region, attains a height of 120 feet, 

 with a straight trunk of 60 feet and 15 feet in girth (Brandis). 



Quercus infectoria, Oliver. 



Around the Mediterranean Sea. Only a small tree, with 

 deciduous foliage. Chiefly from this tree the galls of com- 



