in Extra-Tropical Countries. 71 



Carex arenaria, Linn<L 



Western Europe and Northern Asia. Hardy to lat. 62 30' in 

 Norway (Schuebeler). One of the most powerful of sedges for sub- 

 duing rolling sand, its rigid foliage not attracting grazing animals. 

 The roots are of medicinal value. 



Carex Moorcroftiana, Falconer. 



The Loongmur of the Alps of Thibet. One of the best of sedges 

 for fixing the shifting sand by its deeply penetrating -and creeping 

 roots. It forms an intricate net-work on the surface and beneath. 

 Outliving most other fodder-plants at its native places, it becomes 

 available for cattle- and horse-food particularly in the cold of winter, 

 and is held to be singularly invigorating to pasture-animals. 



Carica Candamarcensis, Morren. 



Andes of Ecuador up to an elevation of about 9,000 feet (Prof. 

 Jameson). A small, slender tree. Fruit to nine inches long and 

 sometimes nearly as broad, edible and wholesome, of delicious scent 

 and grateful taste (Sir Jos. Hooker). Other large-fruited Caricas 

 occur in andine regions, comprised under the vernacular nameCamburu 

 (Spruce). Their cultural rearing seems possible in frostless regions 

 only. Used raw or cooked. 



Carica Papaya, Linn<. 



West-Indies and Mexico to Peru. Cultivated northward still in 

 some parts of Florida, elsewhere to 32 N. (A. de Candolle). The 

 Papaw-tree. A small branchless tree of short vitality, only fit for 

 regions not subject to frost. Fruit generally of the size of a small 

 melon; eaten boiled or preserved in sugar or pickled in vinegar (Sir 

 James Smith). Fresh seeds germinate readily. The acrid milky juice 

 of the tree, much diluted with water, renders any tough meat, washed 

 with it, tender for cooking purposes by separating the muscular fibres 

 (Dr. Holder). Medicinally the juice has been administered as a 

 vegetable pepsin and as an anthelmintic. Fruits ripen successively. 



Carissa Arduina, Lamarck. 



South-Africa. A shrub with formidable thorns, well adapted for 

 boundary -lines of gardens, where rapidity of growth is not an object. 

 Quite 1 hardy at Melbourne. C. ferox (E. Meyer) and C. grandinora 

 (A. de Cand.) are allied plants of equal value. The fruit of the latter 

 largely used for jam. The East Australian C. Brownii (F. von 

 Mueller) can be similarly utilized. The flowers of all are very 

 fragrant. C. Carandas (Linne) extends from India to China; its 

 berries are edible; it is also a strong hedge-plant. 



Carpinus Americana, Michaux. 



The Water-Beech or Ironwood of North- America, thriving best on 

 the margins of streams. The wood is fine-grained, tough and compact, 

 used for cogs of wheels and any purpose, where extreme hardness is 



